@report {1514021, title = {Agua Caliente People Curriculum | Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians}, year = {2023}, abstract = {

Misconceptions about Native nations and their sovereignty create obstacles for tribal governments and can lead to discrimination against tribal members. But things are changing in Palm Springs, California. In a groundbreaking partnership, the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians, the Palm Springs Unified School District, and the school district{\textquoteright}s foundation created a robust public school curriculum that educates students on Cahuilla history, culture, traditions, and government.\ 

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}, url = {https://indigenousgov.hks.harvard.edu/sites/hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/agua_caliente_people_curriculum.pdf?m=1689020589} } @report {1470211, title = {Energy Lifeline Sector Resilience: Low-Carbon Microgrids | Blue Lake Rancheria}, year = {2023}, abstract = {

Community development efforts benefit from clean, reliable, and reasonably priced energy, especially in rural areas where fuel supply uncertainties and high costs jeopardize essential governmental operations. Responding to such concerns, Blue Lake Rancheria established a utility authority and built two award-winning microgrids that supply power to local residents and businesses and reduce the government{\textquoteright}s carbon footprint.

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[[{"fid":"1302116","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"600","width":"800","class":"wysiwyg-placeholder media-element file-default"}}]]

}, url = {https://indigenousgov.hks.harvard.edu/sites/hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/energy_lifeline_blue_lake_rancheria.pdf?m=1689022838} } @report {1470216, title = {ONE FIRE | Cherokee Nation}, year = {2023}, abstract = {

Domestic violence and sexual assault are hidden epidemics with heartbreaking consequences. Survivors are often isolated and have nowhere to turn in a crisis. To meet the need for respectful care and advocacy, the Cherokee Nation coordinated wraparound services into a {\textquotedblleft}one-stop shop.{\textquotedblright} The ONE FIRE program offers culturally grounded support to help survivors recover and rebuild their lives while also advocating to end cycles of violence.

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[[{"fid":"1302106","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"600","width":"800","class":"wysiwyg-placeholder media-element file-default"}}]]

}, url = {https://indigenousgov.hks.harvard.edu/sites/hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/one_fire_chreokee_nation.pdf?m=1689022738} } @report {1470226, title = {Sitka Tribe of Alaska Environmental Research Lab | Sitka Tribe of Alaska}, year = {2023}, abstract = {

In coastal Alaskan Native communities, harvesting subsistence foods at low tide is a way of life, and shellfish are one of the most important intertidal food sources. Climate change increasingly threatens the availability of these resources. With no other governmental agency monitoring ocean conditions affecting subsistence foods in the state, the Sitka Tribe of Alaska established a laboratory to serve Sitka tribal citizens and all citizens of coastal Alaska. The Tribe{\textquoteright}s Environmental Research Lab provides timely sample testing to evaluate marine harvest safety.

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[[{"fid":"1302126","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"600","width":"800","class":"wysiwyg-placeholder media-element file-default"}}]]

}, url = {https://indigenousgov.hks.harvard.edu/sites/hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/sitka_tribe_of_ak_environmental_lab.pdf?m=1689022538} } @report {1536396, title = {Swinomish Tax Authority | Swinomish Indian Tribal Community}, year = {2023}, abstract = {

When the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that state and local governments could not collect taxes on non-Indian homes and businesses built on trust lands, the Swinomish Indian Tribal Community moved quickly to establish its own tax authority. Paying attention to both tribal and nontribal stakeholders{\textquoteright} needs, Swinomish developed a taxation system that provides clarity for reservation homeowners, predictability for the neighboring county, and resources to fund local services. The Swinomish Tax Authority cuts through the complexities and contentiousness that often characterize the allocation of tax jurisdiction in Indian Country.

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}, url = {https://indigenousgov.hks.harvard.edu/sites/hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/swinomish_tax_authority_final_upload.pdf?m=1696429828} } @report {1459231, title = {Economic and Social Impacts of Restrictions on the Applicability of Federal Indian Policies to the Wabanaki Nations in Maine}, year = {2022}, abstract = {

For at least the last several decades, federal Indian policy in the US has supported tribal self-determination\ through tribal self-government. The results have been (1) remarkable economic growth\ across most of Indian Country, and (2) concomitant expansions of the responsibilities and capacities\ of tribal governments. Hundreds of tribes across the other Lower 48 states now routinely serve their\ citizens with the full array of governmental functions and services that we expect from non-Indian\ state and local governments in the US, and increasing numbers of tribes are the economic engines of\ their regions.

Unique to Maine, the federal Maine Indian Claims Settlement Act of 1980 (MICSA) empowers the state government to block the applicability of federal Indian policy in Maine. As a result, the development of the Wabanaki Nations{\textquoteright} economies and governmental capacities have been stunted. Today, all four of the tribes in Maine{\textemdash}Maliseet, Mi{\textquoteright}kmaq, Passamaquoddy, and Penobscot{\textemdash}are stark economic underperformers relative to the other tribes in the Lower 48 states.

The subjugation of the Wabanaki Nation{\textquoteright}s self-governing capacities is blocking economic development to the detriment of both tribal and nontribal citizens, alike. For the tribal citizens of Maine held down by MICSA{\textquoteright}s restrictions, loosening or removing those restrictions offers them little in the way of downside risks and much in the way of upside payoffs.

Importantly, we find in this study that {\textquotedblleft}nowhere to go but up{\textquotedblright} also applies to the Maine state government and Maine{\textquoteright}s non-tribal citizens. From case after case, the pattern that has emerged under federal policies of tribal self-determination through self-government is one in which tribal economic development spills over positively into neighboring non-tribal communities and improves the abilities of state and local governments to serve their citizens. As is the case with any neighboring governments, conflicts can arise between tribal and non-tribal governments. The overall experience outside of Maine in this regard has been that increasingly capable tribal governments improve state-tribal relations by enabling both parties to come to the table with mature capacities to cooperate. Against these upside prospects is a status quo in which all sides leave economic opportunities on the table and ongoing cycles of intergovernmental conflict, litigation, recrimination, and mistrust continue.

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}, url = {https://ash.harvard.edu/sites/hwpi.harvard.edu/files/ash/files/wabanaki_report_vfin_for_dist_2022-12-02.pdf?m=1670193785}, author = {Joseph P. Kalt and Amy Besaw Medford and Jonathan B. Taylor} } @report {1447775, title = {Considerations for Federal and State Landback}, year = {2022}, abstract = {

This policy brief showcases how geographic information system (GIS) techniques can be used to identify public and/or protected land in relation to current and historic reservation boundaries, and presents maps showcasing the scope of landback opportunities.

These lands include federal- or state-owned or managed land within current external reservation boundaries; within former reservation boundaries; near or abutting current reservation land; and protected areas designated for conservation management (which can include land held in fee).

The sentiment to give all U.S. national park landback to the stewardship of Indigenous Peoples is gaining momentum. These areas indeed may provide a cohesive set of initial opportunities towards that aim, and can lean on management or co-management agreements in strategic areas that present win-win solutions for both public agencies and American Indian nations in expanding their footprint.

While historically the laws that diminished reservations were intended to create opportunities for private ownership and settlement by non-Indigenous people, it is in fact the case that, 140 years later, six federal agencies currently manage approximately one-third the land that had been within former reservation boundaries.

A quarter of land just outside of present-day reservation boundaries (within a 10-mile buffer) is managed by one of six federal agencies, largely made up of the Bureau of Land Management (11\%) and the Forest Service (11\%).

Identifying where these parcels are, especially in relation to current or former reservation land, is a powerful first step for tribes and government agencies to begin to develop strategies for landback. Making this information more accessible will help streamline the process.

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}, url = {https://ash.harvard.edu/files/ash/files/land_back_policy_brief180.pdf?m=1666224970}, author = {Miriam Jorgensen and Laura Taylor} } @report {1429519, title = {Assessing the US Treasury Department{\textquoteright}s Allocations of Funding for Tribal Governments under the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021}, year = {2021}, abstract = {

The American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 ({\textquotedblleft}the Act{\textquotedblright} or {\textquotedblleft}ARPA{\textquotedblright}) has resulted in the single largest infusion\ of federal funding for Native America in U.S. history. The core of this funding is $20 billion for the more than\ 570 federally recognized American Indian and Alaska Native tribal governments. As required by the Act, the\ Department of the Treasury ({\textquotedblleft}Treasury{\textquotedblright} or {\textquotedblleft}the Department{\textquotedblright}) devised and has now implemented a formula\ for allocating these monies. In this report, the authors find that the allocations that have been made are grossly inequitable and\ contrary to the policy objectives of Congress, the Biden Administration, and the Treasury Department itself.

This study uses publicly available information to estimate enrollment and employment counts for tribes.\ These figures are only estimates created for the express purpose of analyzing the appropriateness of the US Department of the Treasury{\textquoteright}s American Rescue Plan Act allocations. Our estimates have not and cannot be verified against actual enrollment or employment data submitted to the Department of Treasury by each tribe.\  We believe the estimates are as accurate as possible and reliable for the purpose of assessing the relative positions of tribes under Treasury{\textquoteright}s ARPA allocations, but should not be extracted and used as accurate for any individual tribe or for any purpose other than how they are used here.

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}, url = {https://ash.harvard.edu/files/ash/files/assessing_the_u.s._treasury_departments_allocations_of_funding_for_tribal_governments.pdf?m=1635972521}, author = {Eric C. Henson and Miriam R. Jorgensen and Joseph P. Kalt and Isabelle G. Leonaitis} } @report {1429522, title = {Recommendations for Allocation and Administration of American Rescue Plan Act Funding for American Indian Tribal Governments}, year = {2021}, abstract = {

The American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) provides the largest infusion of federal funding for Indian Country in the history of the United States. More than $32 billion dollars is directed toward assisting American Indian nations and communities as they work to end and recover from the devastating COVID19 pandemic {\textendash} which was made worse in Indian Country precisely because such funding is long overdue.

In this policy brief, we set out recommendations which we hope will promote the wise and productive allocation of ARPA funds to the nation{\textquoteright}s 574 federally recognized American Indian tribes. We see ARPA as a potential {\textquotedblleft}Marshall Plan{\textquotedblright} for the revitalization of Indian nations. The Act holds the promise of materially remedying at least some of the gross, documented, and long-standing underfunding of federal obligations and responsibilities in Indian Country. Yet, fulfilling that promise requires that the federal government expeditiously and wisely allocate ARPA funds to tribes, and that tribes efficiently and effectively deploy those funds to maximize their positive impacts on tribal communities.

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}, url = {https://ash.harvard.edu/files/ash/files/policy_brief_6_-_arpa_04-09-21_vfin_dist.pdf?m=1618001727}, author = {Eric C. Henson and Megan M. Hill and Miriam R. Jorgensen and Joseph P. Kalt} } @report {1429521, title = {Emerging Stronger than Before: Guidelines for the Federal Role in American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes{\textquoteright} Recovery from the COVID-19 Pandemic}, year = {2020}, abstract = {

The COVID-19 pandemic has wrought havoc in Indian Country. While the American people as a whole have borne extreme pain and suffering, and the transition back to {\textquotedblleft}normal{\textquotedblright} will be drawn out and difficult, the First Peoples of America arguably have suffered the most severe and most negative consequences of all. The highest rates of positive COVID-19 cases have been found among American Indian tribes, but that is only part of the story.

Even before the pandemic, the average household income for Native Americans living on Indian reservations was barely half the U.S. average. Then the pandemic effectively shut down the economies of many tribal nations.\ In the process, tribal governments{\textquoteright} primary sources of the funding {\textendash} which are needed to fight the pandemic and to meet citizens{\textquoteright} needs {\textendash} have been decimated.

As with the rest of the U.S., emergency and interim support from the CARES Act and other federal measures have helped to dampen the social and economic harm of the COVID-19 crisis\ in Indian Country. Yet this assistance has come to the country{\textquoteright}s 574 federally recognized Indian tribes with litigation-driven delay and counterproductive strings attached, and against a pre-\ pandemic background characterized by federal government underfunding and neglect {\textendash} especially as compared to the funding provided and attention paid to state and local governments.

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}, url = {https://ash.harvard.edu/files/ash/files/policy_brief_4-federal_policy_24july2020_final_for_dist.pdf?m=1595612546}, author = {Eric C. Henson and Miriam R. Jorgensen and Megan M. Hill and Joseph P. Kalt} } @report {1429520, title = {Federal COVID-19 Response Funding for Tribal Governments: Lessons from the CARES Act}, year = {2020}, abstract = {

The federal response to the COVID-19 pandemic has played out in varied ways over the past several months. For Native nations, the CARES Act (i.e., the\ Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act) has been the most prominent component of this response to date. Title V of the Act earmarked $8 billion for tribes and was allocated in two rounds, with many disbursements taking place in May and June of this year.

This federal response has been critical for many tribes because of the lower socio-economic starting points for their community members as compared to non-Indians. Even before the pandemic, the average income of a reservation-resident Native American household was barely half that of the average U.S. household. Low average incomes, chronically high unemployment rates, and dilapidated or non-existent infrastructure are persistent challenges for tribal communities and tribal leaders. Layering extremely high coronavirus incidence rates (and the effective closure of many tribal nations{\textquoteright} entire economies2) on top of these already challenging circumstances presented tribal governments with a host of new concerns. In other words, at the same time tribal governments{\textquoteright} primary resources were decimated (i.e., the earnings of tribal governmental gaming and non-gaming enterprises dried up), the demands on tribes increased. They needed these resources to fight the pandemic and to continue to meet the needs of tribal citizens.

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}, url = {https://ash.harvard.edu/files/ash/files/policy_brief_5-cares_act_lessons_24july2020_final_for_dist.pdf?m=1595612547https://ash.harvard.edu/files/ash/files/policy_brief_5-cares_act_lessons_24july2020_final_for_dist.pdf?m=1595612547}, author = {Eric C. Henson and Megan M. Hill and Miriam R. Jorgensen and Joseph P. Kalt} } @report {1429523, title = {Dissecting the US Treasury Department{\textquoteright}s Round 1 Allocations of CARES Act COVID-19 Relief Funding for Tribal Governments}, year = {2020}, abstract = {

This study dissects\ the US Department of the Treasury{\textquoteright}s formula for distributing first-round CARES Act funds to Indian Country. The Department has indicated that its formula is intended to allocate relief funds based on tribes{\textquoteright} populations, but the research team behind this report\ finds that Treasury has employed a population data series that produces arbitrary and capricious {\textquotedblleft}over-{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}under-representations{\textquotedblright} of tribes{\textquoteright} enrolled citizens.

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}, url = {https://ash.harvard.edu/files/ash/files/2harvard_nni_dissection_of_treasury_allocation_w_appendix_05_18_2020_vfin_for_dist_2_.pdf}, author = {Randall K.Q. Akee and Eric C. Henson and Miriam R. Jorgensen and Joseph P. Kalt} } @report {1429524, title = {Policy Memo Regarding the Allocation of COVID-19 Response Funds to American Indian Nations}, year = {2020}, abstract = {

The COVID-19 crisis poses an immediate threat to three decades of improvement in economic conditions across Indian Country. Federal policies of tribal self-determination through self government have gradually, if unevenly, allowed economic development to take hold in Indian County. Nevertheless, the poverty gap for American Indians is large and hard to close. American Indian/Alaska Native household incomes remain barely half that of the typical household in the US. Tribes now routinely undertake and self-fund the full array of basic governmental services {\textendash} from law enforcement and public safety to social services and educational support {\textendash} that we expect any state or local government to provide.

Tribes lack the traditional tax bases enjoyed by state and local governments. Tribal enterprise revenues {\textendash} both gaming and non-gaming {\textendash} are tribes{\textquoteright} effective tax bases. Prior to the total shutdown of their casinos, tribes{\textquoteright} gaming enterprises alone were channeling more than $12.5 billion per year into tribal government programs and services . No tribal casinos are operating at this time. The same applies to many non-gaming enterprises and many tribal government programs. The COVID-19 crisis is devastating tribes{\textquoteright} abilities to fund their provision of basic governmental services and forcing tribes to make painful decisions to lay off employees, drop workers{\textquoteright} insurance coverage, deplete assets, and/or take on more debt.

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}, url = {https://ash.harvard.edu/files/ash/files/hpaied_ash_covid_letter_to_treasury_04-10-20_vsignedvfinv02.pdf}, author = {Randall K.Q. Akee and Joseph P. Kalt and Eric C. Henson and Miriam Jorgensen} } @report {1426789, title = {2018 Honoring Nations Report}, year = {2018}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/hn18_report_final_0.pdf?m=1639579085} } @report {1426777, title = {Environmental Program | Native Village of Kotzebue}, year = {2018}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127845","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"width: 405px; height: 270px; float: right;","alt":"A field of long grass with a fishing structure in the center of the image","title":"Environmental Program Report","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]The Native Village of Kotzebue is the tribal government for the I{\~n}upiaq people of Kotzebue, Alaska. Located on the coast in northwest Alaska, 30 miles north of the Arctic Circle, Kotzebue often hosts research teams eager to study the region{\textquoteright}s ecology. For years, researchers lacked accountability to the local people; they did not consider them as equal partners in research and rarely credited the Indigenous knowledge shared. In the late 1990s, the Village government launched its Environmental Program to advance science-based research, driven by tribal priorities and rooted in long-held I{\~n}upiaq values. Through this approach, the tribe is now a full research partner in the majority of projects concerning its land and waters, benefiting its citizens, and producing Best Available Science through the integration of Indigenous knowledge with western science.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/environmental_program.pdf?m=1639579069} } @report {1426766, title = {Health Aide Training Programs | Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium}, year = {2018}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127841","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Six individuals dressed in medical garb conducting a health training","title":"Health Aide","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]The opportunity to see a medical professional when needed is something that many people living in the United States take for granted. For those living in rural Alaska however, visiting a medical professional is rarely easy. Communities are isolated, medical needs are significant, and patients{\textquoteright} cultural and linguistic backgrounds can affect diagnoses and treatments. The Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium has taken on these challenges by educating\ village residents to serve as the primary medical providers within the state{\textquoteright}s tribal health care system.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/health_aide_training_programs.pdf?m=1639579049} } @report {1427829, title = {Myaamiaki Eemamwiciki Program | Miami Tribe of Oklahoma}, year = {2018}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127838","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 400px; height: 267px;","alt":"Three baskets that have spoons, forks, and knives. Myaamiaki language cards in front of each basket.","title":"Myaamiaki Eemamwiciki Program","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]The United States has a shameful history of displacing its original inhabitants from their homelands and attempting to wipe out their cultures. Such actions had a devastating effect on the Miami people, who, by the 1990s, became scattered across the country, resulting in an ongoing struggle to maintain their cultural identity. In response, the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma created the Myaamiaki Eemamwiciki (the Miami Awakening) program. Rooted in strengthening their kinship ties to one another within a strategic educational framework, Myaamiaki Eemamwiciki helps citizens reconnect to their Indigenous knowledge and value system. And, as tribal citizens reconnect with the knowledge of their ancestors, they are creating a new understanding of what it means to be Myaamia.

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[[{"fid":"1302131","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"600","width":"800","class":"wysiwyg-placeholder media-element file-default"}}]]

}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/myaamiaki_eemamwiciki_program.pdf?m=1639579117} } @report {1427827, title = {Quapaw Nation Agricultural Programs | Quapaw Nation}, year = {2018}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127835","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"The inside of a greenhouse","title":"Quapaw Nation Agricultural Programs","class":"media-element file-default "}}]]Like many Native nations, the Quapaw Nation relies on gaming income to fund government operations and to create employment opportunities for tribal citizens. But tribal leaders are also committed to diversifying the economy and limiting dependence on casino revenues. Drawing on its people{\textquoteright}s farming heritage, the Nation has built an array of businesses that reduce reliance on external food sources and provide tribal citizens and their neighbors with healthy, locally raised food{\textemdash}a win for Quapaw economic development and for Indigenous food sovereignty.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/quapaw_nation_agricultural_programs.pdf?m=1639579342} } @report {1426695, title = {Sitka ICWA Partnership | Sitka Tribe of Alaska}, year = {2018}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127832","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"width: 405px; height: 270px; float: right;","alt":"Two people standing on a boat","title":"Sitka ICWA Partnership","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]The safety and well-being of children is vital to a Native nation{\textquoteright}s future. For years, tribal and state agencies in Alaska have taken different approaches to the needs of vulnerable families, leading to large numbers of children being adopted outside their home communities. With the goal of securing better outcomes for tribal families, the Sitka Tribe reached out to its state child protection counterparts to build more collaborative relationships to benefit tribal families. The Sitka ICWA Partnership is breaking new ground through brave communication, joint case management, and cooperative staff training.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/sitka_icwa_partnership.pdf?m=1643140138} } @report {1423171, title = {Wellness Programming | Yurok Tribe}, year = {2018}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127825","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Employee standing by a desk at the Wellness Programming","title":"Yurok Wellness Programming","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Across the US, alcohol and opioid abuse have\ seriously disrupted countless lives. The Yurok reservation and its surrounding area are no exception{\textemdash}intergenerational poverty, high incarceration rates, and failed treatment attempts combine to create a cycle of violence and despair. In response, the Yurok Tribe is purposefully using its tribal justice system to improve outcomes for offenders with substance abuse problems. By infusing traditional Yurok values into the tribal court{\textquoteright}s structure and proceedings, the Tribe{\textquoteright}s Wellness Programming is building better futures for all community members.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/wellness_programming.pdf?m=1638893711} } @governmentreport {1427509, title = {My Tribal Area}, year = {2017}, abstract = {

www.census.gov/tribal

The U.S. Census Bureau collects data for the American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) population and publishes specific counts, estimates, and statistics. My Tribal Area gives you quick and easy access to selected statistics from the American Community Survey (ACS). The ACS provides detailed demographic, social, economic, and housing statistics every year for the nation{\textquoteright}s communities.\ 

}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/2017_mytribalarea-1-revised.pdf?m=1639578998}, author = {American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau} } @report {1426785, title = {2016 Honoring Nations Report}, year = {2016}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/hn_2016_final_report.pdf?m=1639579043} } @report {1426904, title = {Alaska Rural Utility Collaborative | Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium}, year = {2016}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127880","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Two people standing in front of plumbing infrastructure","title":"Alaska Rural Utility Collaborative","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Indoor plumbing is a basic amenity that most Americans take for granted. In parts of rural Alaska, however, providing water and sewer service is not an easy task. The harsh climate requires special adaptations, costs are high, and many small communities lack the expertise needed to manage complex systems. To address these challenges, the Alaska Rural Utility Collaborative facilitates cooperation among Alaska Native villages to assist them with the operations of their own water and sewer systems as effectively and inexpensively as possible.

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[[{"fid":"1302136","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"600","width":"800","class":"wysiwyg-placeholder media-element file-default"}}]]

}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/aruc-_final.pdf?m=1639579002} } @report {1426902, title = {Calricaraq: Indigenous Yup{\textquoteright}ik Wellbeing | Yukon Kuskokwim Delta Tribal Communities}, year = {2016}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127875","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Four elderly people sitting in a row at a table for a group meeting","title":"Calricaraq: Indigenous Yup{\textquoteright}ik Wellbeing","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Colonization dramatically altered the lives of Alaska Native peoples, and the intergenerational pain {\textendash} the historical trauma {\textendash} caused by these changes deeply affects Alaska Native communities today. Among the Yup{\textquoteright}ik of the Yukon Kuskokwim delta region, for example, rates of mental and behavioral health problems are extremely high. Calricaraq, a program hosted by the Yukon Kuskokwim Health Corporation, seeks to improve individual and community wellbeing using the traditional philosophies that have guided Yup{\textquoteright}ik life for generations. This approach is succeeding where Western approaches have failed.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/calricaraq_final1.pdf?m=1639579044} } @report {1426898, title = {{\v C}{\'a}w Paw{\'a} L{\'a}akni - They Are Not Forgotten | Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation}, year = {2016}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127871","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Person holding up a large research book with post-it tabs in an office setting","title":"{\v C}{\'a}w Paw{\'a} L{\'a}akni - They Are Not Forgotten","class":"media-element file-default "}}]]Contemporary place names throughout the United States reflect the history of colonization. The explorers and settlers who named mountains, rivers, and other natural features after themselves or their heroes were unaware or indifferent to the fact that waterways, features of the land, and places already had ancient names. The Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation have undertaken an ambitious project to organize, give preeminence to, and systematically disseminate their knowledge of the land.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/cawpawalaakni-final.pdf?m=1639579047} } @report {1426800, title = {Chickasaw Nation Sick Child Care Program | Chickasaw Nation}, year = {2016}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127858","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Elderly woman in medical gown with a health care office in the background","title":"Chickasaw Sick Child Care Program","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Working parents face a dilemma when a child falls ill. Staying home to provide care or finding a relative or friend to help can be a major challenge, especially for single parents, two-worker families, and employees whose jobs offer limited flexibility. The Chickasaw Nation Sick Child Care Program offers a safe and nurturing place for mildly ill children to spend the day and gives working parents the assurance that their children are receiving proper care.

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[[{"fid":"1302151","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"600","width":"800","class":"wysiwyg-placeholder media-element file-default"}}]]

}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/sickchildcareprogram-final.pdf?m=1639579169} } @report {1426815, title = {Native American Drug and Gang Initiative Task Force | Intertribal Nations of Wisconsin}, year = {2016}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127867","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Persona at desk with computer screens and surveillance cameras","title":"Native American Drug and Gang Initiative","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Drug dealers and gang members threaten the well-being of communities throughout the United States. In Indian Country, jurisdictional issues and a lack of trust in law enforcement complicate the apprehension of drug- and gang-involved offenders. Tribal Police Departments in Wisconsin formed the Native American Drug and Gang Initiative Task Force to strengthen their ability to deal with these illegal activities with support from the tribal governments. The Task Force facilitates inter-agency cooperation and helps tribes take the lead in addressing public safety threats to their communities.

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}, url = {https://hpaied.org/files/hpaied/files/nagdi_final_w_letterhead.pdf?m=1666811850} } @report {1426808, title = {Project Tiwahu: Redefining Tigua Citizenship | Ysleta del Sur Pueblo}, year = {2016}, abstract = {[[{"fid":"1127865","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"width: 405px; height: 270px; float: right;","alt":"Bronze sculpture with a blue sky background","title":"Project Tiwahu","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Establishing the criteria for citizenship is an inherent right of national governments around the world. This right determines who can be a citizen and how citizenship is transferred through generations. Yet for Indian nations, history complicates efforts to fully exercise sovereignty. Project Tiwahu {\textendash}Redefining Tigua Citizenship was an Ysleta del Sur Pueblo wide {\textendash} initiative to reform and self-determine enrollment as an exercise of tribal sovereignty. Reform efforts addressed the hard questions about belonging and built consensus around a new, more inclusive approach to tribal citizenship.

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[[{"fid":"1302146","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"600","width":"800","class":"wysiwyg-placeholder media-element file-default"}}]]

}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/projecttiwahu-final.pdf?m=1639579190} } @magazinearticle {1427502, title = {Native Nation Building through Economic Development}, year = {2015}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/guest_editorial.pdf?m=1639578995} } @report {1427442, title = {2015 Honoring Nations Report}, year = {2015}, abstract = {View Report (PDF)}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/2015_report.pdf?m=1639578985} } @report {1426811, title = {Academic Readiness Effort | Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Indians}, year = {2015}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127709","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Official tribal seal for the Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Indians","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Grounded in the concept of {\textquotedblleft}amuyich,{\textquotedblright} or generosity, the Santa Ynez Academic Readiness Effort tackles the Native nation{\textquoteright}s once-major educational achievement gap head-on by providing comprehensive support for Santa Ynez Chumash students at every step of their educational journeys {\textendash} from birth through adulthood. Last year, an incredible 97\% of Chumash students graduated high school {\textendash} and the tribe is poised to reach 100\%. Graduates and students alike are role models for the next generation and are equipped to serve as leaders and key decision makers for the nation. By providing students with mentorship, tutoring, and assistance, Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Indians is creating a brighter tribal future.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/academicreadinesseffort-final.pdf?m=1639578981} } @report {1426807, title = {Ho-Chunk Village | Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska}, year = {2015}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127700","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float:right;width:405px;height:270px;","alt":"Tribal statues in foreground with housing development in background.","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Like many other Native nations, the Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska grapples with a lack of housing for its people, especially for the tribe{\textquoteright}s rapidly growing middle class. In response, community leaders developed Ho-Chunk Village, a 40-acre master planned community that is transforming the Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska by purposefully providing home-ownership opportunities, integrated rentals for elders, and space for businesses in a walkable community. In developing Ho-Chunk Village, the Winnebago Tribe is showcasing how a tribal government, nonprofit, and tribal enterprise can work together in creative ways.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/ho-chunkvillage-final.pdf?m=1639579000} } @report {1426793, title = {Kenaitze Tribal Court | Kenaitze Indian Tribe}, year = {2015}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127699","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Tribal and Alaska court professionals seated at a conference table discussing cases.","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Recognizing that creating and maintaining a justice system is vital to a strong society, the Kenaitze Indian Tribe of Alaska developed its own tribal court in 1986 {\textendash} despite the fact that in Alaska, few if any tribes had taken this step before. Since then, the Kenaitze Tribal Court has worked diligently to expand its jurisdiction over a range of issues. Its leadership in child advocacy has been especially pioneering {\textendash} in Alaska and beyond. By collaborating with state, tribal, local, and nonprofit agencies, the Court helps ensure that Native children are protected and kept safe {\textendash} and reinforces the tribe{\textquoteright}s assertion of jurisdiction over young tribal citizens. Today, nearly 100\% of children in the tribal court system are placed with family or other tribal members. The Kenaitze Tribal Court gives tribes everywhere compelling proof that quality Native justice systems are foundational to effective governance and to the defense of sovereignty.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/kenaitzetribalcourt-final.pdf?m=1639579006} } @report {1426786, title = {Nez Perce Tribal Fisheries Department | Nez Perce Tribe}, year = {2015}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127697","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float:right;width:405px;height:270px;","alt":"Workers at tribal fishery standing in water transferring healthy salmon","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Disagreements between tribes and their neighbors over natural resource management are common throughout the US, and local misunderstandings and differences of opinion can lead to strained and even hostile relationships. The Nez Perce Tribe founded its Fisheries Department in exactly such an environment. Declining fish stocks led to resource competition and increased pressure on treaty rights. Today, the department works cooperatively with neighboring jurisdictions to monitor fish numbers, manage fish hatcheries, and promote habitat restoration throughout the Tribe{\textquoteright}s traditional lands.

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[[{"fid":"1302156","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"600","width":"800","class":"wysiwyg-placeholder media-element file-default"}}]]

}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/nezpercetribalfisheriesdepartment-final.pdf?m=1639579134} } @newspaperarticle {1426798, title = {Ohero:kon Rites of Passage Receives Prestigious Award}, year = {2015}, url = {https://www.indiantime.net/story/2015/12/10/news/oherokon-rites-of-passage-receives-prestigious-award/19921.html} } @report {1426778, title = {Ohero:kon "Under the Husk" Rites of Passage | Haudenosaunee Confederacy}, year = {2015}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127696","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float:right;width:405px;height:270px;","alt":"Teenager holding tobacco leaves clipped onto a wire to dry.","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]The teenage years are an exciting but challenging phase of life. For Native youth, racism and mixed messages about identity can make the transition to adulthood particularly fraught, and may even lead to risky or self-destructive behavior. Within the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, a groundbreaking initiative to restore rites of passage for youth has engaged the entire community. The Ohero:kon ceremonial rite guides youth through Mohawk practices and teachings in the modern context, strengthening their cultural knowledge, self-confidence, and leadership skills.

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[[{"fid":"1302161","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"600","width":"800","class":"wysiwyg-placeholder media-element file-default"}}]]

}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/ohero_kon_final_1.pdf?m=1639579129} } @report {1426909, title = {School-Based Health Centers | Fort Peck Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes}, year = {2015}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127881","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"width: 405px; height: 270px; float: right;","alt":"Two people sitting on the right with a large anatomy poster behind them","title":"School-Based Health Centers","class":"media-element file-default "}}]]Situated in the {\textquotedblleft}most unhealthy county in the state of Montana{\textquotedblright} and confronting staggering indicators of poor health among their people, the Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes of the Fort Peck Reservation decided their children deserved better. The tribes made a bold move that is as simple as it is logical: they established and staffed full service health clinics in the schools on their reservation. Financed largely through Medicaid reimbursement, the high quality health care now available to tribal youth includes dental care, mental health services, nutrition counseling, and medical care. The School-Based Health Centers are not only an outstanding example of self-determination but are also a powerful reminder that having healthy citizens is critical for building strong nations.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/schoolbasedhealthcenters-final_2.pdf?m=1639579174} } @report {1428324, title = {Social and Economic Change on American Indian Reservations}, year = {2014}, abstract = {A Databook of the US Censuses and the American Community Survey 1990-2010}, author = {Randall K.Q. Akee and Jonathan B. Taylor} } @report {1427440, title = {2014 Honoring Nations Report}, year = {2014}, abstract = {View Report (PDF)}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/hn2014_report_2015.pdf?m=1639579005} } @report {1426790, title = {Lummi Wetland and Habitat Mitigation Bank | Lummi Nation}, year = {2014}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127814","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Three professionals docking a boat.","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Tribal land is a scarce resource, and tribal leaders often face competing demands concerning land use. Especially pressing are the potential tradeoffs between development and environmental stewardship. The Lummi Nation was eager to develop housing and commercial properties but wanted to make sure that these projects would not damage ecologically sensitive areas on the reservation. To help manage development on its lands, the nation created the first tribally operated commercial wetland mitigation bank in the country. The Lummi Wetland and Habitat Mitigation Bank sells mitigation credits to both tribal and non-tribal projects, helping the nation balance its development and preservation goals.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/lummi_wetland.pdf?m=1639579098} } @report {1426787, title = {Owe{\textquoteright}neh Bupingeh Rehabilitation Project | Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo}, year = {2014}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127714","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Three construction workers leaning on metal scaffolding on site for tribal home renovations.","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Many American families dream of owning a single family home in a suburban subdivision. Yet on tribal lands this type of housing can have devastating social and cultural consequences{\textemdash} especially for a community like Ohkay Owingeh, whose residents traditionally lived in high density housing surrounding central plazas. At Ohkay Owingeh, US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) policies supported the construction of new suburban subdivisions over the rehabilitation of traditional pueblo dwellings{\textemdash}and homes at the pueblo{\textquoteright}s core that had been occupied for generations slowly were being abandoned. The pueblo undertook to revitalize the historic village center in a way that celebrates traditional culture, bringing life back to the plazas that are the cultural heart of the nation.\ 

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[[{"fid":"1302166","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"600","width":"800","class":"wysiwyg-placeholder media-element file-default"}}]]

}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/oweneh_bupingeh.pdf?m=1639579330} } @report {1426781, title = {Port Gamble S{\textquoteright}Klallam Tribal Child Welfare Program | Port Gamble S{\textquoteright}Klallam Tribe}, year = {2014}, abstract = {[[{"fid":"1127713","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Tribal child welfare professionals standing shoulder to shoulder in front of large S{\textquoteright}Klallam imagery painted on wooden wall.","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Children are the future of any nation. In the US, a misguided and shameful history of removing Native children from their homes destroyed families and communities. Although the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) of 1978 affirmed tribal nations{\textquoteright} role in child protection, assimilationist policies have an ongoing influence, and Native children taken into the homes of non-Native families typically grow up with no connection to their extended families and lose their cultural identity. The Port Gamble S{\textquoteright}Klallam Tribe (PGST) resolved to create its own Child Welfare Program and recently took complete control over federal funds for child welfare, a first among tribes in the US. PGST provides services that are culturally sensitive and integrated with tribal programs to protect children and strengthen families.

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[[{"fid":"1302176","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"600","width":"800","class":"wysiwyg-placeholder media-element file-default"}}]]

}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/port_gamble.pdf?m=1639579195} } @report {1426773, title = {Potawatomi Leadership Program | Citizen Potawatomi Nation}, year = {2014}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127711","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Citizen Potawatomi young adults seated in two rows for group photo.","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Proud of the increasing number of citizens pursuing college degrees, the Citizen Potawatomi Nation (CPN) leaders became concerned that their talented students were not getting enough education in what it means to be Citizen Potawatomi. To nurture the nations{\textquoteright} future political leadership, the tribe launched the Potawatomi Leadership Program, which gives students an unforgettable {\textquotedblleft}crash course{\textquotedblright} in CPN government, economy, and culture. In doing so, program graduates are armed with the cultural and political knowledge they need to become the leaders they were born to be.

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[[{"fid":"1302181","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"600","width":"800","class":"wysiwyg-placeholder media-element file-default"}}]]

}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/potawatomi_leadership_program.pdf?m=1639579201} } @report {1426905, title = {Scott County Association for Leadership and Efficiency (SCALE) | Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community}, year = {2014}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127703","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float:right;width:405px;height:270px;","alt":"Large conference room full of interdepartmental officials in planning session.","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]In many parts of the United States, there is a long history of mistrust between Indian nations and neighboring municipalities. Officials lack an understanding of tribal sovereignty and treaty rights, leading to strained or even hostile relationships. In Scott County, tribal and nontribal government officials recognized that by working together they could stretch their scarce resources further, resulting in a win-win for all area communities. The Scott County Association for Leadership and Efficiency, known as SCALE, fosters intergovernmental cooperation and furthers the Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community{\textquoteright}s ability to improve its citizens{\textquoteright} quality of life.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/scale.pdf?m=1639579271} } @report {1426907, title = {Scott County Association for Leadership and Efficiency (SCALE) | Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community}, year = {2014}, abstract = {

In many parts of the United States, there is a long history of mistrust between Indian nations and neighboring municipalities. Officials lack an understanding of tribal sovereignty and treaty rights, leading to strained or even hostile relationships. In Scott County, tribal and nontribal government officials recognized that, by working together, they could stretch their scarce resources further, resulting in a win-win for all area communities. The Scott County Association for Leadership and Efficiency, known as SCALE, fosters intergovernmental cooperation and furthers the Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community{\textquoteright}s ability to improve its citizens{\textquoteright} quality of life.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/scale.pdf?m=1639579271} } @report {1426899, title = {Swinomish Climate Change Initiative | Swinomish Indian Tribe}, year = {2014}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127701","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Waterway with hazy skies due to fire.","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]As the climate changes, abnormally high or low temperatures, strong storms, tidal surge and sea level rise, and unusual precipitation patterns are affecting our environment in many ways. After experiencing numerous extreme weather events, the Swinomish Indian Tribal Community (SITC) decided to put in place a far-reaching action plan to prepare for future climate changes. The Swinomish Climate Change Initiative takes a close look at possible climate related impacts and brings the community together to deal with threats to the Swinomish way of life.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/swinomish.pdf?m=1639579281} } @report {1427495, title = {All-Stars Profile: Archie Hendricks, Sr. Skilled Nursing Home and Tohono O{\textquoteright}odham Hospice | Tohono O{\textquoteright}odham Nation}, year = {2013}, abstract = {

For many years, due to the Tohono O{\textquoteright}odham Nation{\textquoteright}s location in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona and the sparse population, Nation members did not have access to reservation-based long-term or post-hospital care services. This was particularly true for O{\textquoteright}odham elders. Elders admitted to the Sells Area Indian Health Service Hospital for acute care who subsequently required follow up long-term skilled nursing care or a place for post-hospital recovery were discharged to nursing home facilities in the Tucson, Arizona area.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/to_profile.pdf?m=1639579274} } @report {1427497, title = {All-Stars Profile: Citizen Potawatomi Nation Constitutional Reform | Citizen Potawatomi Nation}, year = {2013}, abstract = {

Forced relocations, loss of lands, and the economic necessity of moving away from home and community are common histories in Indian Country. Yet, despite these tragic circumstances, tribes continue to assert their sovereignty in order to improve the lives of their people. One of these remarkable stories comes from the Citizen Potawatomi Nation (CPN). In 2007, tired of bandaging a failing constitution that did not meet the cultural needs of the Nation, CPN citizens ratified a new governing document that resulted in a significant transfer of power and realigned the constitution to Citizen Potawatomi culture. The Nation moved from a five-member business committee with representatives only from Oklahoma to a sixteen-member legislative body with regional representatives for all CPN citizens, wherever they reside. In addition, it established checks and balances and further clarified roles and responsibilities within the governing system. Perhaps most important of all, it strengthened the Nation{\textquoteright}s self governance by removing the clause that required the US Secretary of the Interior to approve future changes to CPN{\textquoteright}s constitution.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/cpn_profile.pdf?m=1639579079} } @report {1427498, title = {All-Stars Profile: Red Lake Walleye Recovery Program | Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians}, year = {2013}, abstract = {

The Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians have long depended on the fish that live in Red Lake, the sixth largest body of freshwater in the United States. Both the waters and walleye of the lake are central to the Red Lake Band people, its history, economy, and culture. But by the mid-1990s, the walleye population had collapsed from over-fishing. Taking drastic but necessary action, the Band negotiated a consensus arrangement with local fishermen and state and federal officials to ban fishing in the lake. Over a ten-year period the fish recovered at an astonishing rate. The tribally led Red Lake Recovery Project now determines when, how, and who can fish the historic waters from which the Band claims its name.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/red_lake_profile.pdf?m=1639579329} } @article {1427546, title = {American Indian Self-Determination: The Political Economy of a Policy that Works}, journal = {HKS Faculty Research Working Paper Series}, year = {2010}, abstract = {

Since the 1970s, federal American Indian policy in the United States has been aimed at promoting self-determination through self-governance by federally-recognized tribes. This policy has proven to be the only policy that has worked to make significant progress in reversing otherwise distressed social, cultural and economic conditions in Native communities. The policy of self-determination reflects a political equilibrium which has held for four decades and which has withstood various shifts in the party control of Congress and the White House. While Republicans have provided relatively weak support for social spending on Indian issues when compared to Democrats, both parties{\textquoteright} representatives have generally been supportive of self-determination and local self-rule for tribes. Analysis of thousands of sponsorships of federal legislation over 1970-present, however, finds the equilibrium under challenge. In particular, since the late 1990s, Republican congressional support for policies of self-determination has fallen off sharply and has not returned. The recent change in the party control of Congress calls into question the sustainability of self-determination through self-governance as a central principle of federal Indian policy.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/rwp10-043_cornell_kalt.pdf?m=1639579267}, author = {Cornell, Stephen and Joseph P. Kalt} } @report {1428164, title = {American Indian self-determination: The political economy of a successful policy}, year = {2010}, abstract = {

Since the 1970s, federal American Indian policy in the United States has been aimed at promoting self-determination through self-governance by federallyrecognized tribes. This policy has proven to be the only policy that has worked to make significant progress in reversing otherwise distressed social, cultural and economic conditions in Native communities. The policy of selfdetermination reflects a political equilibrium which has held for four decades and which has withstood various shifts in the party control of Congress and the White House. While Republicans have provided relatively weak support for social spending on Indian issues when compared to Democrats, both parties{\textquoteright} representatives have generally been supportive of self-determination and local self-rule for tribes. Analysis of thousands of sponsorships of federal legislation over 1970-present, however, finds the equilibrium under challenge. In particular, since the late 1990s, Republican congressional support for policies of self-determination has fallen off sharply and has not returned. This calls into question the sustainability of self-determination through selfgovernance as a central principle of federal Indian policy.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/jopnacornellkaltpolitics.pdf?m=1639579094}, author = {Cornell, Stephen and Joseph Kalt} } @report {1427730, title = {Air Quality Program | Gila River Indian Community}, year = {2010}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127727","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Irrigated rows of young green crops with high levels of water.","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]As the city of Phoenix expands toward the northern border of the Gila River Indian Community{\textquoteright}s 374,000-acre reservation, the tribe{\textquoteright}s economy is becoming increasingly threatened by the city{\textquoteright}s consumption of air resources. Beginning in 1997, the Gila River Department of Environmental Quality began to create air quality standards and a monitoring and enforcement regime that ultimately won the Community exclusion from Maricopa County{\textquoteright}s ozone non-attainment area. The Community is the first tribe in the country to have a Tribal Air Quality Management Plan approved for federal enforcement and treatment-as-a-state status from the EPA under the Clean Air Act.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/air_quality_program.pdf?m=1639578999} } @report {1427723, title = {California Fee-to-Trust Consortium | Elk Valley Rancheria}, year = {2010}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127724","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Official seal of the Elk Valley Rancheria, California.","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]In 1958 the California Rancheria Act terminated many California tribes and substantially diminished tribally held trust lands. Re-recognition processes in the 1980s restored many tribes{\textquoteright} political status but little of their land: 8.5 million acres of former Indian land remain alienated. California-based tribes decided to launch a proactive effort to overcome a 20-year fee-to-trust deadlock, and the California Fee-to-Trust Consortium was born. Since its inception, the Consortium has helped to move 15,274 acres into trust status. The average processing time has decreased from ten years to one. The return of lands has brought families back together; provided a foundation upon which to build the structures of governance, commerce, and cultural importance; and given citizens a place to put down roots and grow.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/california_fee-to-trust.pdf?m=1639579058} } @report {1427720, title = {Citizen Potawatomi Nation Constitution Reform | Citizen Potawatomi Nation}, year = {2010}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127721","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Citizen Potawatomi Nation Legislative Districts map.","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]In 2007, the Citizen Potawatomi Nation adopted a new constitution which adopted a three-branch system of government, eliminated Secretarial Elections, and created the Citizen Potawatomi legislature. This 16-member legislative body is deliberately balanced, with eight Oklahoma members\ elected at large by Oklahoma residents\ and one member each from the eight legislative districts that comprise the rest of the United States, each representing a roughly equal number of Citizen Potawatomi citizens. The legislature meets virtually and all meetings are streamed and archived on the internet.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/citizen_potawatomi_constitutional_reform.pdf?m=1639579051} } @report {1427717, title = {Coast Salish Gathering | Coast Salish Peoples, Swinomish Indian Tribe}, year = {2010}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127715","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Sunny day on a Pacific coastal Washington beach where a gathering of tribal canoes and people are celebrating.","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]The Coast Salish Gathering provides an environmental policy platform for the tribal and First Nations governments, state and provincial governments, and the US and Canadian federal governments{\textemdash}all of which have interests in the Salish Sea region{\textemdash}to discuss and determine effective environmental strategies and practices. Most important for the Coast Salish people, however, it amplifies their voice on the environmental issues that matter most to them: access to toxin-free traditional foods, adequate water quality and quantity, and collective climate change policies.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/coast_salish_gathering_1.pdf?m=1639579024} } @report {1427729, title = {CTUIR Public Transit | Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation}, year = {2010}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127726","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Small twenty-something seat bus with front sign that says \"Walla Walla Whistler\".","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]The Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation have become one of the largest employers in Eastern Oregon, and along with economic success came the return of tribal citizens. Nonetheless, a lack of transportation options prevented tribal citizens from taking advantage of local employment opportunities. In 2001, Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation Public Transit was started to address the need for public transportation. The comprehensive Confederated Tribes Public Transit program includes both a free bus and a taxi voucher service, encompassing a large service area within and beyond the reservation boundaries, which is interconnected with other non-tribal regional systems. Remarkably, the transit system has helped alleviate poverty, promoted stronger inter-governmental relations, and facilitated community engagement.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/ctuir_public_transit.pdf?m=1639579064} } @report {1427721, title = {Joint Tribal -State Jurisdiction | Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe}, year = {2010}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127722","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Three judges standing alongside a Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe flag in a courtroom.","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]In 2006, Leech Lake set aside generations of racial tension that existed between the tribe and its non-Native neighbors in order to focus on community healing. As a result, a DWI Wellness Court was formed by the Leech Lake Tribal Court and Minnesota{\textquoteright}s Ninth Judicial District{\textquoteright}s Cass County District Court to adjudicate and rehabilitate substance abusers. One year later, Leech Lake established a second Wellness Court in collaboration Itasca County District Court. The Wellness Courts operate under a joint powers agreement and serve both Native and non-Native people. They function as multi-agency advocacy and enforcement. Since its inception, the Joint Tribal-State Jurisdiction has grown in capacity, outreach, impact, and success and stands as an outstanding example of expanded self-governance.

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[[{"fid":"1302186","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"600","width":"800","class":"wysiwyg-placeholder media-element file-default"}}]]

}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/joint_tribal-state_jurisdiction.pdf?m=1639579101} } @report {1426809, title = {Leadership Institute at the Santa Fe Indian School | All Indian Pueblo Council}, year = {2010}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127885","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"width: 405px; height: 270px; float: right;","alt":"Two easels that have words written on them relating to core values","title":"Leadership Institute","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Founded in 1997, the Leadership Institute at the Santa Fe Indian School aims to create a dynamic learning environment in which community members not only learn and teach, but are able to actively contribute to the success of their nations. Four themes guide the Institute{\textquoteright}s work: leadership, community service, public policy, and critical thinking. These themes are realized through the Institute{\textquoteright}s four programs: Community Institutes, a Summer Policy Academy, High School Symposia, and Enrichment Opportunities.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/hn_report_leadership_institute_at_the_santa_fe_indian_school.pdf?m=1639578993} } @report {1427718, title = {Newtok Relocation Effort | Native Village of Newtok}, year = {2010}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127716","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Remote coastal Alaskan Native Village of Newtok and a teen driving a four-wheeler along wooden path.","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Newtok is a traditional Yup{\textquoteright}ik village located on the Ninglick River in far-western Alaska. Newtok is now in the process of relocating nine miles south to Nelson Island, the site of the community{\textquoteright}s traditional summer camp. Newtok itself has taken the lead in working with dozens of state and federal agencies to piece together its relocation efforts. In 2006, the Newtok Planning Group formed as a centralized, community-specific strategy to relocate the village. The Newtok Planning Group is a one-of-a-kind partnership between Newtok, state and federal government agencies, and non-governmental organizations. As a result, these groups now gather together in the same room to strategize Newtok{\textquoteright}s relocation.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/newtok_relocation_effort.pdf?m=1639579026} } @report {1427728, title = {Oneida Advocacy through Investment Holdings | Oneida Nation of Wisconsin}, year = {2010}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127725","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Today, the leaders of the Oneida Nation Trust Advocacy Department are leaders in the Socially Responsible Investing (or SRI) movement. Oneida is now positioned as an activist and is having a positive impact of environmental concerns, human rights, corporate culture, Indigenous issues, and the entire SRI community{\textemdash}all the while earning a market return on its portfolio. To expand their impact, SRI leaders at Oneida have provided education and training to committed Oneida citizens who are, with newly raised awareness, more actively managing their own investments. To expand the impact of SRI across Indian Country, the Oneida developed a guidebook focused on ways other tribes can integrate socially responsible investing in their portfolios.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/oneida_advocacy_through_investment_holdings.pdf?m=1639579186} } @report {1427719, title = {Project Pueblo | Ysleta del Sur Pueblo}, year = {2010}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127966","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Project Pueblo is a top-to-bottom engagement in the nation-building process. From 2006-2010, the Tribe has developed and undertaken a Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy, a new set of economic and business policies, new business and commercial laws and regulations, and a radically new mindset geared toward long-term planning, strategic thinking, and wide-ranging evaluation. In sum, Project Pueblo has reinvigorated the methods by which governance and business is conducted at Ysleta del Sur.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/project_pueblo_economic_development_revitalization_project.pdf?m=1639579206} } @report {1428160, title = {Constitutions and Fundamental Government Reform: Lessons in Excellence in the Governance of American Indian Nations}, year = {2009}, abstract = {

A collection of Honoring Nations reports focused on governmental foundations:\ Osage Nation Governmental Reform Initiative Northwest Intertribal Court System Elders Cultural Advisory Council Choctaw Tribal Court System Akimel O{\textquoteright}odham/Pee-Posh Youth Council Old Law \& New Law Together.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/web_fundamental_gov_reform_hn.pdf?m=1639579321} } @report {1427814, title = {We Are the Stewards: Indigenous-Led Fisheries Innovation in North America}, year = {2008}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/we_are_the_stewards.pdf?m=1639579278} } @report {1427367, title = {Archie Hendricks, Sr. Skilled Nursing Facility and Tohono O{\textquoteright}odham Hospice | Tohono O{\textquoteright}odham Nation}, year = {2008}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127953","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]For decades Tohono O{\textquoteright}odham elders in need of skilled nursing had to move far away from family and friends to receive care, or stay home and forgo long term care services. However, with the opening of the Archie Hendricks, Sr. Skilled Nursing Facility, O{\textquoteright}odham elders can now remain in the community. Combining today{\textquoteright}s latest technologies and world-class clinical care with traditional values, the nursing home has become one of the finest elder care facilities anywhere in the United States.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/archie_hendricks_sr_skilled_nursing_facility_to_nation.pdf?m=1639578992} } @report {1427300, title = {The Chickasaw Press | Chickasaw Nation}, year = {2008}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127952","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Books about Native nations and their people are usually written by outsiders. By contrast, the Chickasaw Nation created the Chickasaw Press to spread home-grown knowledge about their Nation{\textquoteright}s history and culture. The Press publishes books written by Chickasaw citizens, using the highest standards of professional editing and production. In doing so, it gives new life to an ancient storytelling tradition.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/chickasaw_press.pdf?m=1639578989} } @report {1427400, title = {Community Council Task Force | Ak-Chin Indian Community}, year = {2008}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1128237","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Over the past few years, the citizens of the Ak-Chin Indian Community, located south of Phoenix, Arizona, have witnessed the land surrounding their reservation rapidly transform from fields into housing subdivisions. Worried about the impact on the reservation, the Ak-Chin Indian Community established its Community Council Task Force. The Task Force reviews all development plans for the lands surrounding the reservation to determine their resulting influence on the Community{\textquoteright}s quality of life, and works with developers and neighboring governments to lessen any potential harm.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/community_council_task_force.pdf?m=1639579120} } @report {1427436, title = {Intercultural Leadership Initiative | Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians}, year = {2008}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1128260","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]A generation of racial conflict makes it difficult for students from the Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians to succeed at the district high school. Since 1998, the Intercultural Leadership Initiative has provided academic and social opportunities, promoted understanding and friendship, and helped youth overcome their prejudices.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/intercultural_leadership_initiative.pdf?m=1639579055} } @report {1426906, title = {Muscogee Nation Reintegration Program | Muscogee Nation}, year = {2008}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127829","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Although the state of Oklahoma has one of the largest prison systems in the US, it provides released prisoners with little post-incarceration support. Many struggle to find their way on the {\textquotedblleft}outside{\textquotedblright} and are eventually re-incarcerated. In the early 2000s, the Muscogee Nation set out to tackle this problem. The Nation{\textquoteright}s Reintegration Program works with tribal citizens before and after they leave prison, paying attention to everything from jobs and housing to counseling and spiritual needs.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/muscogee_creek_nation_reintegration_program.pdf?m=1639579104} } @report {1427289, title = {Osage Nation Governmental Reform Initiative | Osage Nation}, year = {2008}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127853","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]At the turn of the 20th century, the U.S. government abolished the 1881 Osage Nation Constitution and imposed rules for land ownership and citizenship. Many Osage citizens were disenfranchised and the Tribal Council was granted only limited powers, leading to years of weak government, corruption, and turmoil. Over 100 years later, the Osage Government Reform Initiative began the task of designing a new government that would better represent and serve all Osages. As a result of the Initiative, the Osage Nation adopted a new constitution in June 2006. Written by the Osage people, it has brought back into the tribal community the thousands of citizens who had once been excluded.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/osage_nation_government_reform_initiative.pdf?m=1639579181} } @report {1427327, title = {Pine Hill Health Center | Ramah Chapter, Navajo Nation}, year = {2008}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127857","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]In the Ramah Chapter of the Navajo Nation {\textemdash} as in many parts of Indian Country {\textemdash} late detection of breast cancer leads to disproportionally high rates of breast cancer mortality. Ramah Navajo{\textquoteright}s Pine Hill Health Center devised a creative response: it launched a series of {\textquotedblleft}Mammo Days,{\textquotedblright} educational and social outings designed to encourage Navajo women to get regular breast cancer exams. Highly popular, Mammo Days meet a critical need in a culturally sensitive and medically effective way.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/pine_hill_health_center_ramah_navajo.pdf?m=1639579157} } @report {1427330, title = {Project Falvmmichi | Choctaw Nation}, year = {2008}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127939","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]{\textquotedblleft}It is not cool to hit or be hit{\textquotedblright} is the straightforward motto of Project Falvmmichi, a school-based program of the Choctaw Nation designed to tackle the problem of domestic violence. The program teaches elementary school students positive ways to deal with anger and resolve conflicts. Today, more than 300 teen mentors work with second graders in over thirty public schools. Violent behavior harms the Choctaw Nation{\textquoteright}s citizens, families, and future {\textemdash} but through Project Falvmmichi, the Nation is building intolerance for violent behavior from the ground up.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/project_falvmmichi_choctaw_nation.pdf?m=1639579163} } @report {1426926, title = {Tsigo bugeh Village | Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo}, year = {2008}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127949","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Restoring communal living through Pueblo-style housing, the Tsigo bugeh Village offers {\textquotedblleft}traditional living with a modern touch{\textquotedblright} for Ohkay Owingeh citizens. Designed to honor a sense of community and place, Tsigo bugeh addresses Ohkay Owingeh{\textquoteright}s urgent housing demands with 40 units for single and multigenerational families, all in a modern design that echoes millennia of traditional Pueblo living.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/tsigo_bugeh_village.pdf?m=1639579288} } @report {1428362, title = {Ziibiwing Center of Anishinabe Culture \& Lifeways | Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe of Michigan}, year = {2008}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127801","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Exhibit of seven images spotlighted in a dark room.","class":"media-element file-default "}}]]The Ziibiwing Center of Anishinabe Culture \& Lifeways is the caretaker of cultural heritage for the Saginaw Chippewa. The Center educates the Tribe{\textquoteright}s citizens and the general public through its permanent and rotating exhibits, research center, repatriation efforts, art market, workshops, and language programs. By sharing its story in many ways, the Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe of Michigan is reclaiming its past and celebrating its vibrant present as Anishinabe people.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/ziibiwing_center.pdf?m=1639579296} } @newspaperarticle {1428321, title = {US Indian Tribal Judges Grapple with Legal Limits}, volume = {138}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/wsj_joefliesaway_12122007.pdf?m=1639579320}, author = {Gary Fields} } @presentation {1428335, title = {Statement Before the United States House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies: The State of America{\textquoteright}s Native Nations}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/kalthouseapprop03-13-07.pdf?m=1639579010}, author = {Joseph P. Kalt} } @article {1428315, title = {Implementing the Federal Endangered Species Act in Indian Country: The Promise and Reality of Secretarial Order 3206}, journal = {Joint Occasional Papers on Native Affairs}, volume = {2007-01}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

The federal Endangered Species Act (ESA) is nearly silent regarding its potential application in Indian Country. But by the mid-1990s, the ESA had proven to be a source of serious concern for Indian tribes. In 1997, as the culmination of months of negotiations between agency officials and tribal representatives, the Secretaries of the Interior and of Commerce jointly issued Secretarial Order 3206 (SO 3206), entitled {\textquotedblleft}American Indian Tribal Rights, Federal-Tribal Trust Responsibilities, and the Endangered Species Act.{\textquotedblright} The order sought to harmonize the federal trust responsibility to tribes and the statutory missions of the Departments of the Interior and Commerce in implementing the ESA. This paper considers whether the order has lived up to its promise of true bilateralism between the United States and sovereign tribal governments regarding their rights v{\'\i}s-a-v{\'\i}s the ESA process. It reviews the key requirements of the ESA, pertinent executive orders, and SO 3206 itself. It analyzes government-to-government relations in several cases of {\textquotedblleft}final rule{\textquotedblright} critical habitat designation and through a review of scholarly literature. Further, it discusses the difference tribes can make by creating and implementing their own habitat management plans, as alternatives to designation of critical habitat on Indian lands, and by actively partnering with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Conservation Service. The author concludes that while SO 3206 has not yet lived up to its full promise, it is making a difference by assisting federal land managers and sovereign tribal governments in building stronger working relationships while protecting the environment.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/implementing_the_federal_endangered_species_act.pdf?m=1639579032}, author = {Marren Sanders} } @book {1426813, title = {The State of the Native Nations: Conditions Under U.S. Policies of Self-Determination}, year = {2007}, publisher = {Oxford Press}, organization = {Oxford Press}, abstract = {Oxford University Press: Customer Service: 1.800.451.7556 or www.oup.com/us/he - The State of the Native Nations: Conditions Under U.S. Policies of Self-Determination explores the political, economic, social, and cultural realities of contemporary Indian Country. This thematically organized examination of Native American life covers topics including tribal governance, natural resources, economic and social development, arts and culture, and urban populations. The work is a result of a collaboration through the Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development, a group of leading researchers, scholars, and practitioners who have undertaken the most comprehensive study of the contemporary conditions of Native Americans. Balancing real-world personal accounts and ethnographic findings with informed data and statistical analysis, this volume presents a multidisciplinary overview of the challenges confronting Indian nations. To purchase this book from Oxford University Press: Customer Service: 1.800.451.7556 or www.oup.com/us/he (448 pages, $29.00, ISBN 9780195301267 , paper)}, url = {https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-state-of-the-native-nations-9780195301267?cc=us\&lang=en\&}, author = {Joseph P. Kalt} } @book {1421579, title = {Rebuilding Native Nations: Strategies for Governance and Development}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

A revolution is underway among the Indigenous nations of North America. It is a quiet revolution, largely unnoticed in society at large. But it is profoundly important. From High Plains states and Prairie Provinces to southwestern deserts, from Mississippi and Oklahoma to the northwest coast of the continent, Native peoples are reclaiming their right to govern themselves and to shape their future in their own ways. Challenging more than a century of colonial controls, they are addressing severe social problems, building sustainable economies, and reinvigorating Indigenous cultures. In effect, they are rebuilding their nations according to their own diverse and often innovative designs. Produced by the Native Nations Institute for Leadership, Management, and Policy at the University of Arizona and the Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development, this book traces the contours of that revolution as Native nations turn the dream of self-determination into a practical reality. Part report, part analysis, part how-to manual for Native leaders, it discusses strategies for governance and community and economic development being employed by American Indian nations and First Nations in Canada as they move to assert greater control over their own affairs. Rebuilding Native Nations provides guidelines for creating new governance structures, rewriting constitutions, building justice systems, launching nation-owned enterprises, encouraging citizen entrepreneurs, developing new relationships with non-Native governments, and confronting the crippling legacies of colonialism. For nations that wish to join that revolution or for those who simply want to understand the transformation now underway across Indigenous North America, this book is a critical resource.

}, url = {https://uapress.arizona.edu/book/rebuilding-native-nations}, author = {Miriam Jorgensen} } @case {1427731, title = {Excellence in Tribal Governance: An Honoring Nations Case Study - The Two-Plus-Two-Plus-Two Program | Hopi Tribe}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

Developed in 1997, the Two Plus Two Plus Two college transition program is a partnership between Hopi Junior/Senior High School, Northland Pioneer College, and Northern Arizona University. The program recruits junior and senior high school students to enroll in classes (including distance learning courses) that offer concurrent 20 college level credits. Upon graduation, students enrolled in Two Plus Two Plus Two can earn up to thirty transferable credits to any state or out-of-state accredited community college or university. The Program has led to a growing demand for math and science courses by students within the school and to increased college enrollment (forty-five percent of this year{\textquoteright}s graduating class will attend two or four year institutions of higher education). Two Plus Two Plus Two is helping Hopi students attain advanced educational degrees and, in so doing, is empowering them with technological and academic skills that they can bring back to the rural reservation.

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View Honoring Nations Profile\ (PDF)

}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/hopi222web.pdf?m=1639579011}, author = {Venegas, Kerry R.} } @book {1428314, title = {American Indian Constitutional Reform and the Rebuilding of Native Nations}, year = {2006}, publisher = {University of Texas Press}, organization = {University of Texas Press}, abstract = {Since 1975, when the U.S. government adopted a policy of self-determination for American Indian nations, a large number of the 562 federally recognized nations have seized the opportunity to govern themselves and determine their own economic, political, and cultural futures. As a first and crucial step in this process, many nations are revising constitutions originally developed by the U.S. government to create governmental structures more attuned to native people{\textquoteright}sunique cultural and political values. These new constitutions and the governing institutions they create are fostering greater governmental stability and accountability, increasing citizen support of government, and providing a firmer foundation for economic and political development. This book brings together for the first time the writings of tribal reform leaders, academics, and legal practitioners to offer a comprehensive overview of American Indian nations{\textquoteright} constitutional reform processes and the rebuilding of native nations. The book is organized in three sections. The first part investigates the historical, cultural, economic, and political motivations behind American Indian nations{\textquoteright} recent reform efforts. The second part examines the most significant areas of reform, including criteria for tribal membership/citizenship and the reform of governmental institutions. The book concludes with a discussion of how American Indian nations are navigating the process of reform, including overcoming the politics of reform, maximizing citizen participation, and developing short-term and long-term programs of civic education.}, url = {https://utpress.utexas.edu/search/google/rebuilding\%20of\%20native\%20nations$\#$gsc.tab=0}, editor = {Eric D. Lemont} } @report {1427811, title = {Indigenous Peoples, Poverty, and Self-Determination in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the United States }, year = {2006}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/indigenous_peoples_poverty_and_self_determination_in_australia_new_zealand_canada_and_the_us.pdf?m=1639579056}, author = {Cornell, Stephen} } @report {1428327, title = {Review of the First Nations Regional Longitudinal Health Survey (RHS) }, year = {2006}, abstract = {

The Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development was selected by the First Nations Centre at the National Aboriginal Health Organization and the First Nations Information Governance Committee to conduct a review of the Longitudinal Regional Health Survey (LRHS). The LRHS was designed and fielded by representatives of First Nations to assess the health needs of adults and children living in First Nations communities. The survey, the first of its kind in Canada, is being conducted under the First Nations{\textquoteright} principles of ownership, control, access, and possession of health data. This report summarizes the results of an independent review of the First Nations Regional Longitudinal Health Survey for 2002/2003 (2002/2003 RHS), undertaken for the First Nations Information Governance Committee (FNIGC), a standing committee of the Chiefs Committee on Health (CCOH), and the First Nations Centre (FNC) at the National Aboriginal Health Organization (NAHO). The FNC at NAHO was mandated by the Chief{\textquoteright}s Committee on Health and the First Nations Information Governance Committee to coordinate and act as data steward for the 2002/2003 RHS.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/reviewoftherhs.pdf?m=1639579332} } @article {1427776, title = {What Makes First Nations Enterprises Successful? Lessons from the Harvard Project}, journal = {Joint Occasional Papers on Native Affairs}, volume = {2006-01}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

Indigenous economic development takes multiple forms. One of the most common ways that indigenous peoples attempt to meet needs for revenue, employment, and services is through nation-owned enterprises. These are hugely diverse, ranging from timber companies and gaming operations to telecommunications enterprises and convenience stores. The record of such efforts is mixed: as with businesses everywhere, some succeed and others don{\textquoteright}t. This paper examines how the actions of Native nations themselves can either undermine or strengthen their own enterprises, drawing on extensive research carried out by the Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development at Harvard University and the Native Nations Institute for Leadership, Management, and Policy at the University of Arizona. Of course many of the things that determine business outcomes lie beyond the control of the nations that own the businesses. The paper focuses on five factors that indigenous nations can control but that sometimes are ignored in the effort to build successful, nation-owned businesses: clarity about enterprise goals; effective management of the politics-business connection; the purpose, power, and composition of enterprise boards of directors; independent and reliable resolution of disputes; and the need to educate the community about enterprise goals and activity. Using real-world cases, the paper explores how the actions by indigenous nations in each of these areas can have a significant impact on business performance.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/what_makes_first_nations_enterprises_successful.pdf?m=1639579310}, author = {Cornell, Stephen} } @report {1426930, title = {Alternative Sentencing Program | Tulalip Tribes}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127951","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Born out of a need to create a judicial system that Tulalip citizens can trust and that also helps offenders to recover rather than just throwing them away, the Tulalip Tribal Court Alternative Sentencing Program supports the development of a safe, healthy, and law abiding community. Focusing on the mental, physical, and spiritual health of offenders, the Program melds indigenous and therapeutic jurisprudence, going beyond just placing offenders in jail. Beginning with the Tulalip Alternative Court and now backed by the entire Tulalip justice system, the nation{\textquoteright}s strategies for implementing Tulalip law now better reflect the sentiments of one of its traditional sayings, {\textquotedblleft}To pull that canoe, you have to pull together.{\textquotedblright}

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Explore Interactive Exhibit

}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/tulalip_alternative_sentencing_program.pdf?m=1639579284} } @report {1427364, title = {Bad River Recycling/Solid Waste Department | Bad River Band of Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127927","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Generations ago, a prophecy told the Anishinabe people to move west to where food grew on water. Migrating from the eastern shores of North America, the Anishinabe people settled throughout the Great Lakes region where wild rice fields grew out of fresh water lakes. For hundreds of years, the Bad River Band lived in present day Wisconsin, harvesting wild rice, hunting, and fishing. Sadly, pollution began to threaten this sensitive ecosystem and the Anishinabe identity. Waste was hazardous and abundant on their lands, despite cultural creation and migration stories stressing environmental stewardship. The Bad River Recycling/Solid Waste Department set about creating environmentally sound practices of managing and disposing waste generated on the reservation, ending cycles of harm caused by poor disposal practices. Now, through community-wide education, incentives, and new waste management systems, the Bad River Band citizens boast a clean, safe, and green reservation environment.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/bad_river_recycling_solid_waste_department.pdf?m=1639579053} } @report {1427385, title = {Citizen Potawatomi Community Development Corporation | Citizen Potawatomi Nation}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1128234","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Historically, the Potawatomi enjoyed a strong economy built on trading with Native nations throughout North America and with European settlers. Unfortunately, forced removal from the Great Lakes region to what is now Kansas, and then again to Oklahoma, brought about drastic political, cultural, and economic changes. The Citizen Potawatomi Nation{\textquoteright}s government and its citizens suffered from political instability and a weakened tribal economy. To address these concerns, the Nation began laying the necessary groundwork to rebuild itself. It reformed government institutions and established a number of successful tribal enterprises, including a gaming and entertainment center, grocery stores, and a bank. But the Nation also wanted to grow the private sector within its economy and encourage citizens, who may lack the credit records necessary for bank loans, to go into business for themselves. The solution was to establish the Citizen Potawatomi Community Development Corporation, a CDFI that offers, among other things, micro loans, commercial loans, an employee loan program, financial literacy education, and credit counseling to the Nation{\textquoteright}s citizens around the U.S. and to all American Indians in Oklahoma.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/citizen_potawatomi_comm_dev_corp.pdf?m=1639579057} } @report {1426896, title = {Cultural Education and Revitalization Program | Makah Nation}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127822","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float:right;width:405px;height:270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]As the westernmost Indian reservation in the lower 48 states, the Makah Reservation was established by the 1855 Treaty of Neah Bay. Historically, the Makah lived in large, extended family longhouses organized in coastal villages and drew their sustenance in large part from the sea. First contact between Makah people and non-natives began in the 1790s with devastating and long-lasting effects. The Makah were not only besieged by disease and epidemics that resulted in great population loss, but eventually their language fluency and culture were greatly diminished by the establishment of Bureau of Indian Affairs{\textquoteright} schools. But in the 1970s, the nation turned a potential crisis to its advantage through the establishment of the Makah Cultural Education and Revitalization Program. It serves as a hub of the community, as well as steward of a world-class museum collection. By claiming and caring for the treasures of its ancestors, the Makah Nation ensures the cultural viability of its people.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/makah_cultural_education_and_revitalization_prog.pdf?m=1639579039} } @report {1427427, title = {Homeownership: Financial, Credit \& Consumer Protection Program | Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1128253","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Recognizing the links between promoting a strong economy, maintaining positive cultural connections, and having the ability to own a home, the Umatilla Housing Authority promotes the Wapayatat Homeownership: Financial, Credit \& Consumer Protection Program. The seven-week course provides asset building and saving strategies, while generating awareness about predatory lending practices. The Program also assists citizens in developing financial literacy skills using culturally grounded curriculum, bringing the dream of homeownership closer to reality. Under the Umatilla Individual Development Account (IDA) program, the Confederated Tribes provide a savings-match incentive, giving tribal citizens up to 3 years to successfully close a home loan. As citizens build and own homes on tribal land, wealth is accumulated and the community, economy, and the Tribes are strengthened.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/homeownership_financial_credit_consumer_protection.pdf?m=1639579018} } @report {1427429, title = {The Hopi Child Care Program | Hopi Tribe}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1128255","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default "}}]]The Hopi Child Care Program facilitates parents{\textquoteright} access to high quality child care when demands of work or educational pursuits require them to be away from home. Understanding the importance of early childhood development coupled with the need for culturally appropriate care, Hopi citizens now have the ability to better provide for their families. The Program gives parents the security of knowing their children are safe, while providing affordable and accessible channels to ensure their wellbeing. As the Hopi Tribe affirms, {\textquotedblleft}Children are our greatest resource. How they are treated as young children impacts the future of the Hopi Tribe.{\textquotedblright}

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/hopi_child_care_program.pdf?m=1639579112} } @report {1427430, title = {Hopi Education Endowment Fund | Hopi Tribe}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1128256","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]For many years, the Hopi Tribe has seen education as a critical tool in its effort to ensure the survival of its people while at the same time preserving its own way of life. Over the years, the Tribe has made major strides in education, and now there are an increasing number of citizens attending college. Yet, many Hopi students struggle with the costs of higher education. At the urging of citizens from the various tribal villages, the Hopi Tribal Council established the Hopi Education Endowment Fund to provide financial assistance for education to Hopi students of all ages. Organized as a tribally chartered non-profit corporation, the Fund is an innovative form of community investment that also supports the Tribe{\textquoteright}s self-governance. By investing in the human capital of Hopi{\textquoteright}s greatest resource its citizens the Fund promotes the Hopi concept of {\textquotedblleft}Sumi{\textquoteright}nangwa{\textquotedblright}, coming together to do things for the benefit of all.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/hopi_education_endowment_fund.pdf?m=1639579050} } @report {1427434, title = {Indian Child Welfare Services | Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1128258","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]For years, the state of Maine lacked appropriate procedures for identifying Native children in child welfare cases. Contrary to the intent of the Indian Child Welfare Act, Maine also failed to recognize Native nations{\textquoteright} sovereign rights in such cases. Seeking to assert the tribe{\textquoteright}s right to help determine its children{\textquoteright}s futures, the Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians formed a Department of Indian Child Welfare Services. In turn, the Department developed a strategy to gain the respect of state child welfare authorities and to establish collaborative working relationships. In 2002, the Band and State signed an MOA establishing their partnership. Today they both make appointments to a Child Protective Team that manages placements and services for Maliseet children. Through culturally and family appropriate solutions, the team{\textquoteright}s work has drastically reduced the number of children in out-of-home-care situations. Together, the Houlton Band{\textquoteright}s programs, policies, and intergovernmental collaboration support families, improve government-to-government relations and reclaim the tribe{\textquoteright}s future its children.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/indian_child_welfare_services.pdf?m=1639579096} } @report {1426903, title = {Morongo Tutoring Program | Morongo Band of Mission Indians}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127828","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Located in the Banning Pass between San Bernardino and Palm Springs in southern California, the Morongo Band of Mission Indians has worked to address low academic achievement and high dropout rates among its high school students since the early 1990s. Despite the Band{\textquoteright}s economic successes, few citizens finished high school or attended college. In 1991, with concern among elders and parents mounting, the Band began to offer tutoring services on a small scale. Today, the program has grown beyond offering tutoring services only; it now works in partnership with the local school district and is a complete life skills program that helps students grow as learners, giving them the tools necessary to achieve the academic success they want. Absenteeism is down, graduation rates are up, more people are enrolling in college, and students are testing at or above district levels in all grades. The Morongo Band has transformed the educational experience for its children, creating lasting benefits for the Band and its people.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/morongo_tutoring_program.pdf?m=1639579125} } @report {1426922, title = {Navajo Nation Methamphetamine Task Force | Navajo Nation}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127836","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Two children holding signs advocating against meth use.","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Navajo community leaders describe the methamphetamine phenomenon as a tidal wave that is overwhelming the entire community. The Navajo Nation police force estimates that 60\% of all crimes committed on the reservation are methamphetamine related. In 2006, national news focused on the Navajo Nation as three generations were arrested together for use, distribution, and manufacturing of methamphetamine. Taking a proactive stance on policy issues, options, and recommendations in the areas of prevention, treatment, and/or enforcement, the Methamphetamine Task Forces actively combat the tidal wave of destruction within their communities. Drawing upon education, community involvement, cultural philosophies, and collaborations to address the burgeoning crisis, the Task Forces incorporate participation from elders, youth, recovered addicts and current users, law enforcement, health officials, and policy makers to embrace {\textquoteleft}The Beauty Way of Life,{\textquoteright} to systematically fight what many view as the most dire crisis in recent history.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/navajo_nation_methamphetamine_task_force.pdf?m=1639579027} } @report {1427293, title = {Red Lake Walleye Fishery Recovery Project | Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127887","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"width: 405px; height: 270px; float: right;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]The Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians have long depended on the fish that live in Red Lake, the sixth largest body of freshwater in the United States. Both the waters and walleye of the lake are central to the Red Lake Band people, its history, economy, and culture. But by the mid-1990s, the walleye population had collapsed from over-fishing. Taking drastic but necessary action, the Band negotiated a consensus arrangement with local fishermen and state and federal officials to ban fishing in the lake. Over a ten-year period the fish recovered at an astonishing rate. The tribally led Red Lake Recovery Project now determines when, how, and who can fish the historic waters from which the Band claims its name.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/walleye_fishery_recovery_project.pdf?m=1639579302} } @report {1427346, title = {Task Force on Violence Against Women | National Coalition of Native Nations \& Organizations Affiliated through the National Congress of American Indians}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127882","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Recognizing and acting upon the belief that safety for Native women is among their highest priorities, leadership from Native nations joined with Native and non-Native grassroots coalitions and organizations over 500 entities in total to create an ongoing national movement educating Congress on the need for enhancing the safety of Native women. Formalizing their affiliation through the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI), the coordinated efforts led to the 2005 re-authorization of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA). The Act includes financial resources and protection for Native women, a first in the history of the VAWA. Now, tribal governments are better situated to combat the scourge of domestic violence present in Indian Country and mark a return to more traditional modes of honoring family and community.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/task_force_on_violence_against_women.pdf?m=1639579331} } @report {1426912, title = {Tribal Land Title and Records Office | Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe of Michigan}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127947","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]For years, limited on-reservation housing options forced citizens of the Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe to look elsewhere to live. Taking action to solve this problem, the Tribe encouraged private lenders to offer mortgages on trust land and to offer terms and rates similar to those available off the reservation. A critical component of this solution was the creation of the Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Land Title and Records Office, which keeps all records and verifies all titles pertaining to trust lands, replacing the BIA{\textquoteright}s much slower and more cumbersome process. As a result, private mortgage lending has increased, there is a housing boom on Saginaw lands, and economic development options that were simply impossible before have emerged. Most importantly, citizens are moving back home.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/tribal_land_title_and_records_office.pdf?m=1639579293} } @report {1427826, title = {Winnebago Community Development Fund | Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127794","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Silhouette of a skateboarder mid jump at a community skate park.","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]The Winnebago Community Development Fund is helping to build a better future for its nation by establishing a framework for community development based on the goals of the government and its citizens. To overcome revenue shortfalls that many rural communities face, the Winnebago Tribe creatively implemented a tax and designated tax proceeds for the building of a fund intended to support community activities and infrastructure. Administered through a tribally-chartered, non-profit organization, the Fund provides matching grants for projects that positively impact the community. By earmarking tax revenues and establishing well-designed procedures for project selection, the Winnebago Tribe better fulfills essential governmental responsibilities with steady funding and efficient and effective administration.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/winnebago_community_development_fund.pdf?m=1639579318} } @article {1421577, title = {Excellence in Tribal Governance: An Honoring Nations Case Study - Menominee Community Center of Chicago}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

A unique partnership between an urban Indian center and a tribal government, the tribally funded Community Center serves nearly 500 Menominee tribal citizens living in the greater Chicago area. The Center and the tribal government work together to ensure that all of its citizens are actively involved in tribal affairs by organizing trips to the reservation, providing full electoral rights for off-reservation citizens, and by holding official tribal legislature meetings at the Center.

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}, url = {https://hpaied.org/sites/default/files/publications/Menominee_Community_Center_Web_Version.pdf}, author = {Ben Heraghty} } @report {1427816, title = {American Indians on Reservations: A Databook of Socioeconomic Change Between the 1990 and 2000 Censuses}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

This study compiles 1990 and 2000 U.S. Census data on Native Americans residing on reservations and in designated Indian statistical areas in the lower 48 U.S. States. Gaming and non- gaming areas are compared to each other and to the U.S. as a whole. Data on fifteen measures ranging from income and poverty to employment and housing conditions indicate that, although substantial gaps remain between America{\textquoteright}s Native population and the rest of the U.S., rapid economic development is taking place among gaming and non-gaming tribes alike.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/americanindiansonreservationsadatabookofsocioeconomicchange.pdf?m=1639579024}, author = {Joseph P. Kalt and Jonathan Taylor} } @report {1427819, title = {Annotated Bibliography: The Social and Economic Impacts of Indian and Other Gaming}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

In its final report to Congress and the President in 1999, the National Gambling Impact Study Commission (NGISC) concluded: Only a limited number of independent studies exist regarding the economic and social impact of Indian gambling.\ This is an area greatly in need of further research.\ (p. 6-14) In an effort to assess the current state of gambling and Indian gaming research, while also evaluating the vast array of methods that researchers have employed to assess gambling{\'\i}s impacts, we have compiled an extensive database of gambling impact studies. While we cannot claim to have captured each and every study that has been published, we have attempted to reflect the multiple and contentious issues commonly raised in current gambling policy debates. The studies outlined herein address a host of public policy issues, ranging from tax considerations, to the prevalence of problem gambling, to the social impacts of gambling.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/annotatedbibliographythesocialandeconomicimpactsofindianandothergaming.pdf?m=1639579009}, author = {Katherine A. Spilde and Joseph P. Kalt and Leigh Gardener} } @report {1428151, title = {Large Foundations{\textquoteright} Grantmaking to Native America}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

American Indian communities are in the midst of a 30-year period of rejuvenation, economic growth, and social and cultural reconstruction termed the {\textquotedblleft}Self-Determination Era,{\textquotedblright} which has been motivated in part by the civil rights movement of the 1960s and the SelfDetermination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 (Public Law 93-638), but more fundamentally driven by Native Americans{\textquoteright} desire to exercise their sovereign rights. In the early 1990s, Native Americans in Philanthropy commissioned two studies of large foundations{\textquoteright} philanthropy to Native American causes and concerns, the first by William Brescia and the second, covering a later period, by Roslyn LaPier (see Endnote 1). These studies identified the amounts, sources, and targets of large private foundations{\textquoteright} investments in Native America, as a means of both acknowledging and promoting grantmakers{\textquoteright} engagement with Native communities in self-determined community change.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/largefoundationsgrantmakingtonativeamerica.pdf?m=1639579019} } @report {1427825, title = {Strengthening And Rebuilding Tribal Justice Systems: Learning From History And Looking Towards The Future (Executive Summary)}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

Findings of the process evaluation of the CIRCLE project, a comprehensive community program aimed at strengthening tribal justice systems. (Executive Summary)

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/circleevaluationreport-executivesummary.pdf?m=1639578991}, author = {Miriam Jorgensen and Carrie Garrow and Stephen Brimley and Stewart Wakeling} } @report {1427821, title = {Strengthening And Rebuilding Tribal Justice Systems: Learning From History And Looking Towards The Future }, year = {2005}, abstract = {

In 1998, several agencies within the U.S. Department of Justice initiated a partnership with three Indian nations {\textendash} the Northern Cheyenne Tribe, the Oglala Sioux Tribe, and the Pueblo of Zuni {\textendash} to strengthen the tribes{\textquoteright} justice systems. Through this initiative, called the Comprehensive Indian Resources for Community and Law Enforcement (CIRCLE) Project, the federal partners provided the tribes with incentives and opportunities (streamlined and coordinated federal funding for justice functions was the primary one) that helped them consider how the individual components of their tribal justice systems (courts, police, corrections, and other programs) might work together to strengthen their approaches to pressing crime and social problems. This collection of documents comprises the first (process) phase of the CIRCLE Project evaluation. The combined process and participatory qualities of this evaluation phase generate a complicated set of products. It includes a cross-site analysis, which focuses on the opportunities, accomplishments, and continuing challenges for both the tribes and the federal government; a description of the federal planning and implementation process; and process-oriented summaries of each participating tribe{\textquoteright}s implementation work.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/circleevaluationreport-phaseimarch2005.pdf?m=1639579062}, author = {Miriam Jorgensen and Carrie Garrow and Stephen Brimley and Stewart Wakeling} } @article {1428318, title = {Two Approaches to Economic Development on American Indian Reservations: One Works, the Other Doesn{\textquoteright}t}, journal = {Joint Occasional Papers on Native Affairs}, volume = {2005}, year = {2005}, abstract = {A revolution is underway in Indian Country as American Indian nations increasingly take back control over their own affairs and take responsibility for reshaping their futures{\textemdash}efforts that are leading to unprecedented economic success and the alleviation of poverty. Significantly, this success does not appear to be tied directly to the Native nations{\textquoteright} asset bases or market locations. Instead, it is tied to their invention of a new approach to economic development, which the authors term the {\textquotedblleft}nation-building approach.{\textquotedblright} This paper compares the {\textquotedblleft}standard approach,{\textquotedblright} long supported by the U.S. government and by some Indian nations, to the nation-building approach. The two approaches are very different, and they have led to dramatically different outcomes. The standard approach has four leading characteristics. It is short-term and non-strategic; it lets outsiders set the development agenda; it treats economic development as fundamentally an economic problem, ignoring its political dimensions; and it views indigenous cultures as an obstacle to development. Decades of effort using the standard approach have produced little change in indigenous socioeconomic conditions. In contrast, the nation-building approach puts genuine, decision-making power in indigenous hands; it backs up that power with capable institutions of self-governance; it matches those institutions to indigenous political culture; it has a strategic orientation toward long-term outcomes; and it is guided by public-spirited leadership. Over the last twenty-five {\textquoteleft}year{\textquoteleft}s, this approach has begun to produce significant improvements in reservation socioeconomic conditions.}, author = {Cornell, Stephen and Joseph P. Kalt} } @report {1426921, title = {What Determines Indian Economic Success?}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/whatdeterminesindianeconomicsuccess.pdf?m=1639579321}, author = {Miriam Jorgensen and Jonathan Taylor} } @report {1427369, title = {Akwesasne Freedom School | Mohawk Nation at Akwesasne}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127934","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]In the fight for sovereignty, the citizens of the Mohawk Nation recognized that self-determination was critical in education. The Akwesasne Freedom School (AFS) was created as a place for wholly Mohawk education. Grounding learning and teaching in Mohawk lifeways, the School has survived political, financial, and institutional challenges to become a respected and supported institution of the Mohawk community. Through the ongoing efforts of parents, families and the larger Mohawk Nation community, AFS has played a critical role in the formation of Mohawk identity, citizenship, and nationhood for the past twenty-five years, extending even beyond those who attend the school and into the next generations of Mohawk leadership.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/akwesasne_freedom_school.pdf?m=1639578983} } @report {1427361, title = {The Cherokee Language Revitalization Project | Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127925","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]In 2002, the Cherokee Nation carried out a survey of its population and found no fluent Cherokee speakers under the age of 40. The Cherokee Principal Chief declared a state of emergency, and the Nation acted accordingly. With great focus and determination, it launched a multi-faceted initiative designed to revitalize the Cherokee language. Using state- of-the-art knowledge and techniques of language acquisition, the Project includes a language immersion program for pre-school children, a university partnership degree program for certifying Cherokee language teachers, and a set of community language activities. The Project brings together elders, young adults, and children in an effort to preserve not just a language but a people who see in their language the foundation of their own survival.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/cherokee_language_revitalization_project.pdf?m=1639579059} } @report {1427378, title = {Choctaw Tribal Court System | Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1128265","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]The Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians has created a vibrant economy, and one of the underpinnings of its success is its court system. Organized independently of elected leadership, the court provides an arena for the fair, reliable resolution of disputes. Intent on not becoming just another adversarial court of law, the Choctaw Tribal Court strives to incorporate traditional Choctaw values into its law and practices, to help both victims and offenders, and to pay particular attention to tribal youth. In so doing, the Mississippi Choctaw have developed a comprehensive judicial system that responds to the needs of all its citizens.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/choctaw_tribal_court_system.pdf?m=1639579042} } @report {1427084, title = {Excellence in Tribal Governance: An Honoring Nations Case Study - The Ya Ne Dah Ah School | Chickaloon Village}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

Dedicated to giving community youth the skills necessary for functioning in a modern world while retaining and facilitating traditional knowledge and practices, the Ya Ne Dah Ah is Alaska{\textquoteright}s only tribally owned and operated full-time primary school and day care facility. Located in a one-room schoolhouse that receives no federal or state funding, the School{\textquoteright}s 20 students {\textendash} whose CAT scores are higher than their national counterparts {\textendash} learn Ahtna Athabascan history, language, music, and art from elders, and science and math from tribal foresters, environmentalists, and computer technicians. The School{\textquoteright}s board also encourages intensive parental involvement and aggressively monitors student progress.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/yndas_web_version.pdf?m=1639579315} } @report {1427418, title = {Flandreau Police Department | Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1128247","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]In response to the challenges of meeting the public safety needs of their citizens across multiple jurisdictions, all with limited human and financial resources, and increased problems of drug and alcohol related crime, the Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe and the City of Flandreau joined legal and financial resources in a working partnership to establish the Flandreau Police Department. Operating under a jointly run, independent Public Safety Commission, the Flandreau Police Department strengthens the ability of the Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe to exercise its right to protect and serve its citizens while demonstrating its commitment to safety for an entire community. In the process, all citizens Native and non-Native realize improved community safety.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/flandreau_police_department.pdf?m=1639579089} } @report {1427432, title = {The Hopi Tribe Land Team | Hopi Tribe}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1128267","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default "}}]]Reclaiming traditional lands has been a primary concern of the Hopi Tribe for the last century. In 1996, significant land purchases became possible under the terms of a settlement with the U.S. government, but the tribal government then faced the problem of developing a plan for land reacquisition. In 1998, responding to this challenge, the Hopi Tribe created the Hopi Land Team. With the goal of striking a balance between preservation and the future, the Team works to identify potential purchases, evaluate their cultural and economic significance and potential, and recommend purchases. The work of the Team has led not only to new development initiatives that have increased tribal revenues, but it also brought back to the nation critical cultural resources and sacred sites that play a major role in the life of the Hopi people.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/hopi_tribe_land_team.pdf?m=1639579070} } @report {1426897, title = {Miccosukee Tribe Section 404 Permitting Program | Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127955","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]The reservation lands of the Miccosukee Tribe lie largely within the Everglades National Park. Development on these lands is subject to elaborate regulations by a host of federal agencies. This hindered economic development and other uses of their lands by the Miccosukee people, including the building of traditional dwellings and family gardening. Tribal citizens had to negotiate a time-consuming, regulatory maze almost every time they engaged in land-use activities. With the Section 404 Permitting Program, the Tribe set out to streamline the regulatory process and, more importantly, to win for itself a stronger role in regulatory activity. By contracting on-reservation authority from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Army Corp of Engineers to issue land permits, enforce environmental codes, and manage permit violations, the Miccosukee Tribe is not only enabling its citizens to improve their own homes and engage in traditional cultural activities, but it is also expanding the reach of the Tribe{\textquoteright}s own governmental powers by managing and enforcing permitting through national channels.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/miccosukee_tribe_section_404_permitting_program.pdf?m=1639579103} } @report {1426900, title = {Migizi Business Camp | Little River Band of Ottawa Indians}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127826","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float:right;width:405px;height:270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]In 1994, after 120 years of struggle, the Little River Band of Ottawa Indians finally re-obtained federal recognition. Ever since, tribal priorities included strengthening self-governance and the tribal economy. Their economic strategy followed two paths: the development of tribal enterprises and the encouragement of citizen-owned, small businesses. In tribal discussions, many citizens indicated an interest in starting business of their own and the Band responded by implementing a work readiness and job training for teenagers and young adults. Five years ago, the Band{\textquoteright}s planning and education departments joined forces to create the Migizi Business Camp for tribal youth. For six days, students are taken off the reservation to learn business development concepts and build entrepreneurial skills. They complete business plans and present their ideas to a panel of judges. The Camp represents a conscious effort by the tribal government to involve its younger citizens in the effort to build an economic future for the Nation.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/migizi_business_camp.pdf?m=1639579118} } @report {1426927, title = {Navajo Nation Sales Tax | Navajo Nation}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127837","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]The Navajo Nation is the largest coal-producing tribe in the U.S. and, historically, its government has relied on tax and royalty revenue associated with coal production as a primary source of revenue. Today, however, both depletion and a desire to lessen the Nation{\textquoteright}s dependence on income from non-renewable resources have led the Navajo Nation to consider new ways to generate revenue for governmental operations. In 2002, it began levying the first comprehensive Native nation sales tax on goods and services sold within reservation boundaries. By law, revenue from the tax is earmarked for the Nation{\textquoteright}s Permanent Trust Fund, land acquisition, and local government, among other uses, before the remainder flows to the nation{\textquoteright}s General Fund.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/navajo_nation_sales_tax.pdf?m=1639579045} } @report {1427288, title = {Oneida Farms/Agriculture Center (ONFAC) | Oneida Nation WI}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127850","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]In the 18th century, when the Oneida Nation was located in what is now New York State, the Nation{\textquoteright}s fields and orchards were vast and productive, reflecting its core cultural tradition of sustainable agriculture. A long history of land loss and forced migration diminished the Nation{\textquoteright}s ability to maintain its agricultural traditions resulting in the disconnection of tribal citizens to their customary practices and the land. More than two hundred years later, the Nation is recovering land and finding ways to restore its agricultural heritage through the Oneida Nation Farms and related programs. By reacquiring land, the Nations is returning to cultural roots in a modern, sustainable way, while also addressing important health concerns, and economic development needs.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/oneida_farms_agriculture_center_onfac.pdf?m=1639579130} } @report {1427329, title = {Professional Empowerment Program | Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127860","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]After realizing that plentiful jobs did not always translate into employed citizens, representatives from a group of tribal services and businesses came together to address the underlying causes of the Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate Nation{\textquoteright}s high employee turnover rate. The Professional Empowerment Program is helping create healthy citizens and better employees while improving its community through collaborative efforts, self-esteem building curriculum, and services designed to address the well-being of the whole person.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/professional_empowerment_program.pdf?m=1639579178} } @report {1427338, title = {Siyeh Corporation | Blackfeet Nation}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127876","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]For years the Blackfeet Nation struggled to create sustainable tribal enterprises that could produce revenue for the Nation and meet the needs of its citizens for jobs and services. Many of these efforts did not succeed because of conflicts within the tribal government. In 1999, the Nation tried a new strategy. It established a federally chartered, tribally owned corporation designed to manage businesses on behalf of the government and protect those businesses from inappropriate political influence. Named after a great Blackfeet warrior known for his fearless leadership, the Siyeh Corporation today runs multiple businesses and promotes economic growth and stability while preserving Blackfeet cultural and traditional values. Siyeh is changing the economic landscape of an impoverished reservation, increasing the Blackfeet Nation{\textquoteright}s revenues and enhancing Blackfeet self-government.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/siyeh_corporation.pdf?m=1639579277} } @report {1426914, title = {Tribal Monitors Program | Standing Rock Sioux Tribe}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127740","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Land steward holding shards of pottery in hands.","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Facing widespread looting on and desecration of tribal lands and cultural sites, the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe has developed an initiative to protect and uphold the significance of these sites by training tribal citizens to preserve the land. With a team of 16 volunteers, including two elder spiritual experts, the Tribe monitors its traditional homeland, provides services to other Indian nations in five states, partners with outside agencies in preservation and enforcement efforts, and assists in creating tribal legislation by developing a Cultural Resource Code.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/tribal_monitors_program.pdf?m=1639579299} } @report {1428357, title = {Yukon River Inter-Tribal Watershed Council | Intertribal}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127798","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Open-air wooden structure covered in a blue tarp with container and tables for harvesting fish.","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]The Yukon River Inter-Tribal Watershed Council stands as a collective initiative of 63 rural, indigenous communities across Alaska and the Yukon Territory with a mission to monitor, advocate, and advise in order to improve the well-being of the watershed and the people who live within it. The Council has set preservation priorities, increased its own capacity to measure water quality, and successfully advocated to remedy and prevent further environmental degradation of the Yukon River watershed.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/yukon_river_intertribal_watershed_council.pdf?m=1639579317} } @case {1427735, title = {Excellence in Tribal Governance: An Honoring Nations Case Study - The Ojibwe Language Program | Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe}, year = {2004}, abstract = {

Created in 1995, this Tribally funded program serves 350 students (from toddlers to teenagers) and uses elder-youth interaction, song books, and comic books to teach the Ojibwe language. In addition, the Program broadcasts language classes to local public schools in an effort to teach the Ojibwe language, history, and culture to non-Indian children. Teaching the Band{\textquoteright}s children their traditional language has allowed Mille Lacs Band members to pass on Tribal values more effectively. At the same time, it has served as an important tool in both preserving the Band{\textquoteright}s culture and strengthening bonds between Band members.

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View Honoring Nations Report\ (PDF)

}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/ojibwe_language_program_web_version.pdf?m=1639579161}, author = {Bowen, Janine Ja no{\textquoteright}s} } @report {1427785, title = {Upper Sioux Language Preservation Program Models, Projects \& Plans for Success | Upper Sioux Community}, year = {2004}, abstract = {

This report was commissioned by Helen Blue, Upper Sioux Tribal Chairman, to explore ways to sustain existing language programs and expand programming options to increase participation among Upper Sioux tribal members in language preservation efforts. The authors of this report are graduate students at Harvard University enrolled in Nation Building II, part of the Harvard University Native American Project (HUNAP). This report has several objectives:

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/upper_sioux_language_preservation_program_models_projects_plans_for_success.pdf?m=1639579275}, author = {Leigh Fitzgerald and Katie Milligan} } @report {1426795, title = {Navajo Nation Intergovernmental Affairs}, year = {2004}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/navajo_nation_intergovernmental_affairs.pdf?m=1639579115}, author = {Wenona Benally and Justin Martin} } @report {1426797, title = {Paving the Way for Telemedicine in Indian Country- The Hopi Tribe and Harvard Univ.}, year = {2004}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/paving_the_way_for_telemedicine_in_indian_country-_the_hopi_tribe_and_harvard_univ.pdf?m=1639579155} } @report {1426803, title = {Rosebud Sioux Sicangu Lakota Tetunwan Oyate Constitutional Reform}, year = {2004}, abstract = {

The work, which is currently being done within the Rosebud Sioux community to amend the current 1935 IRA Constitution is both timely and extremely commendable. Reforming the constitution so that it better fits the present day lives and culture of the Rosebud Sioux community is an ambitious act, currently being tackled by the Rosebud Community at-large and through the hard work of the Constitutional Task Force. A constitution should serve as the essence of the community, which embodies the spirit, political structure, culture, and way of life in which a society has chosen to live. Potential investors will look at the safeguards in place within the constitution to see how their potential investments will be protected. Foreign peoples will look at the Constitution and develop an image of what the Rosebud Sioux stand for. While a constitution must be legitimate in the eyes of its people, it must also evoke a proud and deep personal sense of connection. There seems to be broad consensus that the current constitution comes up short in these respects. Therefore it is extremely advantageous that the Rosebud Community and the Constitutional Task Force have been working to address some of the current Constitution{\textquoteright}s shortcomings. The amending process of the Constitution, which is currently taking place, is a tremendous step in the direction of exerting sovereignty and developing a precious document, which can accurately embody the unique Rosebud culture and establish a culturally practical political structure.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/rosebud_sioux_sicangu_lakota_tetunwan_oyate_constitutional_reform.pdf?m=1639579337}, author = {Andrew Rabens and Natalie Palugyai} } @report {1427609, title = {Upper Sioux Language Preservation Program Models, Projects \& Plans for Success}, year = {2004}, abstract = { }, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/upper_sioux_language_preservation_program_models_projects_plans_for_success.pdf?m=1639579275}, author = {Leigh Fitzgerald and Katie Milligan} } @report {1426770, title = {Freedom of the Press in Indian Country}, year = {2004}, abstract = {

Freedom of the press is an inalienable right most U.S. citizens take for granted. To ensure
the right to express thoughts and opinions, free press and free speech clauses were
cemented into a legal framework becoming the First Amendment to the U.S. constitution.
Press freedoms have helped the United States become one of the most influential
democracies in world history. The media{\textquoteright}s allure lies within its power to provide people
with information so they can be free and self-governing. In journalism, the overriding
obligation is to tell the truth, and to present those truths to citizens.

Equally, they long to hear news from engaging and accurate storytellers. This is a basic
human instinct shared the world over from the most technologically advanced nations to
the isolated and impoverished. Some might question whether a free press is an
appropriate cultural match in Indian Country. Yet nothing overrides people{\textquoteright}s need to
know information.

Among the Lakota, storytellers were highly respected individuals within tribal societies.
Those that relayed information to the villages were called eyapahes. It is common even
today to see the thriving nature of storytelling among tribes such as the Crow in Montana.
At traditional community gatherings, it is customary for Crow {\textquotedblleft}camp criers{\textquotedblright} to typically
ride horse back through the camp in the morning. And in the Crow language he
encourages the camp to wake up and greet the morning sun. He also announces the day{\textquoteright}s
upcoming events. Like the Lakota, these are highly respected positions, and one must be
given the ceremonial rite to fulfill the camp crier role.

Today the dilemma in Indian Country is that news dissemination has changed. Tribal
news sources often exist not for the people, but as propaganda tools of the tribal council.
For more than a decade, the Native American Journalists Association (NAJA) has been
and advocate for securing press freedoms at tribal newspapers. NAJA dedicated 1998, as
the {\textquotedblleft}The Year of Promoting Free Expression in Native America.{\textquotedblright} It was an effort to bring
greater awareness to press censorship where tribal leaders can hire and fire reporters at
will, where tribal journalists typically don{\textquoteright}t have access to tribal government documents,
where tribal councils often review news before it{\textquoteright}s published.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/freedom_of_the_press_in_indian_country.pdf?m=1639579014}, author = {Jody Rave and Jesse Hardman} } @report {1426779, title = {Mapping the Road- The Yankton Public Safety Commission and Professional Tribal Policing}, year = {2004}, abstract = {

The Yankton Sioux Tribe appointed 5 tribal members to sit on the Tribe{\textquoteright}s Public Safety Commission in January of 2004. The Commission is intended to exercise oversight of 5 tribal police officers that Yankton is contracting from the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) as provided for under Public Law 93-638. The purpose and powers of the Commission have not yet been established, and this report is intended to assist in developing the Commission so that it plays a productive part in effective law enforcement for the Yankton community.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/mapping_the_road.pdf?m=1639579092}, author = {Jesse Janetta} } @report {1427774, title = {Myths and Realities of Tribal Sovereignty: The Law and Economics of Indian Self-Rule}, year = {2004}, abstract = {

This study explores legal and economic dimensions of current perceptions of (and debates over) the nature and extent of tribal self-rule in the United States, with the objective of distinguishing between myth and reality. The authors address key threads of thought and assumptions that pervade, accurately or inaccurately, discussions in the public policy arena. What emerges is a picture in which tribes do exercise substantial, albeit limited, sovereignty. This sovereignty is not a set of special rights. Rather, its roots lie in the fact that Indian nations predate the United States. While their sovereignty has been diminished, it has not been terminated. Tribal sovereignty is recognized and protected by the U.S. Constitution, legal precedent, and treaties, as well as applicable principles of human rights.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/myths.pdf?m=1639579121}, author = {Joseph P. Kalt and Joseph William Singer} } @report {1427113, title = {Building Border Infrastructure- A Study of an Office of International Affairs for the Tohono O{\textquoteright}Odham Nation}, year = {2004}, abstract = {

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}, url = {Building Border Infrastructure- A Study of an Office of International Affairs for the Tohono O{\textquoteright}Odham Nation} } @report {1428158, title = {A Case Study: Harnessing Resources, Creating Partnerships | Indian Gaming \& Diversification by the Tulalip Tribes of Washington}, year = {2004}, abstract = {

Through the various provisions of the Stevens treaties, the Tulalip Reservation{\textemdash}which was expanded by Executive Order in 1873{\textemdash}is now home to members of the Snohomish, Snoqualmie, Skagit, Suiattle, Samish and Stillaguamish tribes and allied bands.7 The current tribal government at Tulalip is organized under Section 16 of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. 8 Today, the Tulalip Reservation covers roughly 23,000 acres, over half of which is held in trust by the federal government on behalf of the Tribes. The Tulalip Reservation possesses considerable natural resources, including marine waters, tidelands, fresh water creeks and lakes, wetlands, forests, and developable land.9 The location of the Reservation{\textemdash}close to a major transportation artery (Interstate 5), a short distance north of Seattle and adjacent to Marysville, Washington{\textemdash}also has proven to be a major benefit, as is now evident in the available market for the Tribes{\textquoteright} gaming and retail enterprises.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/nigacasestudytulalip.pdf?m=1639579139} } @article {1428316, title = {The Concept of Governance and its Implications for First Nations}, journal = {Joint Occasional Papers on Native Affairs}, volume = {2004-02}, year = {2004}, abstract = {

What do governance and government mean? This paper-one of a series of papers commissioned by the British Columbia Regional Vice-Chief of the Assembly of First Nations-defines governance and government and describes the critical role both play in human communities. It also examines what effective self-governance involves and how self-governing systems can be built, and it draws distinctions between self-administration-sometimes mistaken for self-government and genuine self-government. Drawing on a large body of research on governance and development among indigenous nations in Canada and the United States, the paper considers the implications of these issues for First Nations and for federal governments. The paper concludes with a discussion of the specific tasks facing First Nations and Canada in making Aboriginal self-government a reality.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/the_concept_of_governance_and_its_implications_for_first_nations.pdf?m=1639579282}, author = {Cornell, Stephen and Catherine Curtis and Miriam Jorgensen} } @report {1428166, title = {The Context and Meaning of Family Strengthening in Indian America}, year = {2004}, abstract = {

Among professionals and scholars who focus on the wellbeing of children, it is widely recognized that children do not do well unless families do well, and that families do not do well unless communities do well. These straightforward observations have motivated much of recent innovation in family policy and form the explicit or implicit centerpiece of the efforts of leading non-profit actors concerned about child and family well-being. As implemented by the Annie E. Casey Foundation, for example, the interconnectedness of children, families, and communities manifests itself in programs and strategic initiatives clustered under the term {\textquotedblleft}Family Strengthening.{\textquotedblright}

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/aecf_family_strenth.pdf?m=1639579035} } @report {1428155, title = {A Case Study: Indian Gaming and Community Building | A History of the Intergovernmental Relations of the Mohegan Tribe of Connecticut}, year = {2004}, abstract = {

The Mohegan Tribe of Uncasville, Connecticut, thrives today because of its highly profitable Mohegan Sun Casino Resort. Upon achieving federal recognition as an American Indian tribe through the Bureau of Acknowledgement and Research of the U.S. Department of the Interior in 1994, the tribe negotiated a tribal-state gaming compact with the State of Connecticut, purchased property with trust funds, and began to work with the neighboring towns on future economic development initiatives. In 1996, the Mohegan Tribe opened its Earth Casino, which had immediate success. In 2002, the Sky Casino was completed; the Mohegans since have welcomed thousands of visitors to the facility on a daily basis. The Mohegans{\textquoteright} achievements are largely attributable to a unique set of historical circumstances, optimal geographic location, and the ability of the Mohegan Council, tribal representatives, and citizens to establish and nurture mutually beneficial relationships with their nonAmerican Indian neighbors.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/nigacasestudymohegan.pdf?m=1639579131} } @article {1427775, title = {Seizing the Future: Why Some Native Nations Do and Others Don{\textquoteright}t}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

Both research and the experience among Native nations daily drive home the conclusion that the so-called {\textquotedblleft}nation building{\textquotedblright} approach holds the keys to self-determined social, political, and economic development for indigenous communities. This approach emphasizes the critical role of asserting rights of self-rule and backing up those assertions with governing institutions that are legitimate in the eyes of the people and efficient in their operation. This study examines the question of why is it that some Native nations seize upon the nation building strategy and take effective control of their futures while others do not. We find that foundational change in a community arises when the external and internal conditions a people face interact with their interpretations of their situation, producing a new, shared {\textquotedblleft}story{\textquotedblright} of what is possible, and how it can be achieved. The keys to changing a community{\textquoteright}s{\textquotedblleft}story{\textquotedblright} are found in proactive decisions to alter internal and external situations, acquire concrete knowledge of the feasible, build on the community{\textquoteright}scultural assets, and exercise leadership{\textemdash}especially in educating the people in a new vision.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/seizing_the_future_for_pub.pdf?m=1639579245}, author = {Cornell, Stephen and Miriam Jorgensen and Joseph P. Kalt and Katherine A. Spilde} } @report {1426774, title = {Ihanktuwan Dakota Oyate Constitutional Reform Process}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

The Ihanktuwan Dakotah Oyate Constitution Revision Committee has been entrusted with the task of recommending constitutional amendments which can help ensure the future political stability and economic development of the Tribe. The Ihanktuwan Dakotah Oyate are proud of their culture and traditions and their future economic potential.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/ihanktuwan_dakota_oyate_constitutional_reform_process.pdf?m=1639579015}, author = {Kevin Brosseau and Barbara Cook} } @article {1426784, title = {Launching Tribal Telcos-A Decision Analysis Toolkit for Tribes}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

This white paper honors the tenacity with which tribal telcos have served the telecommunication needs of their communities. It recognizes the potential with which telcos can affect change in Indian Country. Indirectly, this paper helps answer the question Why are there only seven tribal telcos? by providing a framework for analysis through which tribes can assess if a telco is an appropriate business venture given their own contexts.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/launching_tribal_telcos-a_decision_analysis_toolkit_for_tribes.pdf?m=1639579073}, author = {Susie Margolin} } @report {1426799, title = {Penobscot Language Rivitalization Program A New Dawn, a New Hope}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/penobscot_language_rivitalization_program_a_new_dawn_a_new_hope.pdf?m=1639579202} } @report {1426806, title = {The Vision of Stories as Counseling Tools for Hawaiian Youth Through Ke Kula Kaiapuni}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/the_vision_of_stories_as_counseling_tools_for_hawaiian_youth_through_ke_kula_kaiapuni.pdf?m=1639579286}, author = {Kristin Eifler and Weston Willard} } @report {1426772, title = {Generating Dialogue and Building Partnerships Tailoring the Haplotype Mapping Project to Indian Country}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

This report seeks to equip Principal Investigators considering research in Indian Country and any associated researchers, sample collectors, repository technicians, and other associated members of the research team to make clear, comprehensive, and balanced presentations regarding the Haplotype Mapping Project to potential partners in Indian Country. In addition, it seeks to present a culturally aware and constructive framework through which such partnerships might be formed if and when a small-scale Haplotype Mapping Project is undertaken in Indian Country.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/generating_dialogue_and_building_partnerships_tailoring_the_haplotype_mapping_project_to_indian_c}, author = {Emily Van Dyke} } @report {1427092, title = {Boys and girls clubs in Indian Country- Building Community Connections }, year = {2003}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/boys_and_girls_clubs_in_indian_country-_building_community_connections.pdf?m=16395790} } @report {1427448, title = {Social and Economic Consequences of Indian Gaming in Oklahoma}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

This study of Class II gaming operations in Oklahoma finds that tribal governments are translating revenues and employment opportunities from gaming into positive social investment. The tribes{\textquoteright} successes offer a striking example of gaming operations accomplishing their principal intent, namely socioeconomic self-determination for Indian nations.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/social_and_economic_consequences_of_indian_gaming_in_ok.pdf?m=1639579325} } @report {1427449, title = {Social and Economic Consequences of Indian Gaming in Oklahoma}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

This study of Class II gaming operations in Oklahoma finds that tribal governments are translating revenues and employment opportunities from gaming into positive social investment. The tribes{\textquoteright} successes offer a striking example of gaming operations accomplishing their principal intent, namely socioeconomic self-determination for Indian nations.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/social_and_economic_consequences_of_indian_gaming_in_ok.pdf?m=1639579325} } @report {1428361, title = {What Determines Indian Economic Success: Evidence from Tribal and Individual Indian Enterprises}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

Prior analysis of American Indian nations{\textquoteright} unemployment, poverty, and growth rates indicates that poverty in Indian Country is a problem of institutions- particularly political institutions- not a problem of economics per se. Using unique data on Indian-owned enterprises, this paper sheds light on ont of the core institutions of enterprise success- corporate governance.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs00-3.pdf?m=1639579184}, author = {Miriam Jorgensen and Jonathan Taylor} } @article {1427631, title = {Alaska Native Self-Government and Service Delivery: What Works?}, journal = {Joint Occasional Papers on Native Affairs}, volume = {2003-1}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

[Excerpt from Executive Summary]

The Native peoples of Alaska have governed themselves for far longer than either the State of Alaska or the United States. Indeed, their rights of self-government are properly defended as basic human rights that are not unilaterally extinguishable by these other governments. Yet, today an assortment of questions are being raised about key aspects of Alaska Native self-governance. Among these are questions such as: What form should Native self-government take? What powers should it include? In which communities or groups should those powers be vested? Additional questions are being raised about how the delivery of social services to Alaska Natives is organized. Who should be responsible for service delivery, and what form should service delivery take?

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/alaska_native.pdf?m=1639578986}, author = {Cornell, Stephen and Joseph P. Kalt} } @report {1427365, title = {Assuring Self Determination through an Effective Law Enforcement Program | Gila River Indian Community}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127928","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default "}}]]Recognizing that effective law enforcement is both an essential governmental function and an important expression of sovereignty, the Gila River Indian Community assumed responsibility for its own policing in the late 1990s. Since taking over management from the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), the Gila River Police Department dramatically strengthened its capacity to enforce laws and enhanced public safety improvements that are especially important because of the Community{\textquoteright}s proximity to a major metropolitan center. With its cadre of highly trained officers, the Gila River Police Department exemplifies the kind of efficiency and responsiveness gains possible under tribal control.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/assuring_self_determination_through_an_effective_law_enforcement_program.pdf?m=1639579030} } @report {1427308, title = {Cherokee National Youth Choir | Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127924","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Formed in 2000 as a component of the Nation{\textquoteright}s comprehensive language program, the Cherokee National Youth Choir performs traditional and contemporary songs in the Cherokee language. Comprised of forty youth between the ages of thirteen and eighteen, the award- winning Choir performs at venues in Cherokee communities and across the country. More importantly, the Choir has proven itself to be an effective tool for inspiring Cherokee youth to learn their language, culture, and history giving real hope that the sacred gifts of language and song will never be lost.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/cherokee_national_youth_choir.pdf?m=1639578987} } @report {1427375, title = {Choctaw Community Injury Prevention Program | Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127935","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]In 2000, two Mississippi Choctaw citizens organized the Choctaw Community Injury Prevention Program to combat the reservation community{\textquoteright}s rising level of preventable injuries and accidental deaths. In hopes of significantly reducing emergency room visits, their efforts as well as the efforts of other volunteers inspired by their example have introduced thousands of Choctaw children and adults to safety education and resulted in the distribution of hundreds of child safety seats and bicycle helmets. The Choctaw Community Injury Prevention Program proves that the programmatic efforts of concerned individuals can make headway against one of Indian Country{\textquoteright}s most pervasive and daunting problems.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/choctaw_community_injury_prevention_program.pdf?m=1639579060} } @report {1427381, title = {Chuka Chukmasi Home Loan Program | Chickasaw Nation}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1128233","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]When the Chickasaw Nation{\textquoteright}s Division of Housing realized that nearly 60 percent of its citizens{\textquoteright} home loan applications were being denied, it created the Chuka Chukmasi, or Beautiful Home, Home Loan Program to make safe and affordable housing a reality. Since 1998, Chuka Chukmasi has proven how powerful the combination of partnerships with innovative financial institutions and the education of its citizenry in the basics of loan applications and mortgage financing can be in securing home loans at competitive rates. Helping hundreds of Chickasaw citizens realize their dreams of homeownership, the Chuka Chukmasi Home Loan Program is building Chickasaw Nation self-determination one home at a time.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/chuka_chukmasi_home_loan_program.pdf?m=1639578984} } @report {1427499, title = {Creating a Community Development Corporation | Brothertown Indians of Wisconsin}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/creating_a_community_development_corporation_for_the_brothertown_indians_of_wisconsin.pdf?m=1639579111} } @report {1427403, title = {Cultural Resources Protection Program | Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1128239","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Since contact, the Cayuse, Umatilla, and Walla Walla have lost cultural objects and sacred sites to looting, development, and archaeological excavations. Over the years these three bands brought together in 1855 and united into a single tribal government in 1949 as the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation mourned the loss of irreplaceable cultural artifacts. Sadly, under federal management, these losses continued well into the late twentieth century. Convinced that they could do better, the Tribes began the development of their own Cultural Resources Protection Program in the late 1980s. Today, the Program is a recognized leader in enforcing cultural resource management laws, influencing public policy, and building support for tribal management of critical resources.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/cultural_resources_protection_program.pdf?m=1639579100} } @report {1427416, title = {Family Violence \& Victim{\textquoteright}s Services | Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1128246","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Responding to the alarming frequency of domestic abuse and sexual assault among the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians, the Tribe{\textquoteright}s Department of Family and Community Services created the Family Violence and Victim{\textquoteright}s Services Program (FVVS) in 1999. By coordinating various agencies including Choctaw Law \& Order, Choctaw Social Services, Choctaw Behavioral Health, and the US Attorney{\textquoteright}s Office, FVVS ensures that victims receive comprehensive care and that perpetrators are dealt with appropriately. Just as essential as promoting the overall physical and emotional health of the Tribe, FVVS is changing the citizens{\textquoteright} attitude about an important topic that often remains unaddressed.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/family_violence_and_victims_services.pdf?m=1639579012} } @report {1427419, title = {Gila River Telecommunications, Inc. | Gila River Indian Community}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1128248","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]In 1988, the Gila River Indian Community decided that it could no longer tolerate inadequate telecommunications services. Because the regional provider was unable to offer services at a reasonable cost or within an acceptable time frame, the Community developed and launched its own company, Gila River Telecommunications, Incorporated. Now a recognized leader in Indian Country telecommunications, this tribal company has more than doubled telephone access among Community residents and facilitated the Community{\textquoteright}s dramatic economic growth by providing state-of-the-art telecommunications services to businesses on reservation lands.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/gila_river_telecommunications_inc.pdf?m=1639579067} } @report {1427428, title = {Honoring our Ancestors: Chippewa Flowage Joint Agency Management Plan | Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1128254","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]In 2000, the Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa righted half a century of ineffective management of the Chippewa Flowage by signing a Joint Agency Management Plan with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and the United States Forest Service. This Plan identifies not only the common interests that direct the management of the Flowage, but also the grim legacy of loss resulting from the flooding of Lac Courte Oreilles{\textquoteright}s homelands and burial grounds. The Plan brings together three sovereign governments to preserve a valuable natural resource in a culturally appropriate manner.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/honoring_our_ancestors_chippewa_flowage_joint_agency_mngt_plan.pdf?m=1639579074} } @report {1427438, title = {Kake Circle Peacemaking | Organized Village of Kake}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

In 1999, in an [[{"fid":"1127892","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"227","width":"369","style":"float: right;","alt":"Canoe at the Native Village of Kake","class":"media-element file-default "}}]]effort to curb youth alcohol abuse, tribal members of the Organized Village of Kake (federally recognized Tribe of Kake, Alaska) established the Healing Heart Council and Circle Peacemaking, a reconciliation and sentencing process embedded in Tlingit traditions. Working in seamless conjunction with Alaska{\textquoteright}s state court system, Circle Peacemaking intervenes in the pernicious cycle by which underage drinking becomes an entrenched pattern of adult alcoholism. Today, the program not only enforces underage drinking sentences in an environment where such accountability had been rare, but also restores the Tlingit culture and heals the Kake community.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/kake_circle_peacemaking.pdf?m=1639579097} } @report {1421573, title = {Menominee Community Center of Chicago | Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127729","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Tribal community members eating lunch at long banquet tables in a large auditorium.","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Over half of the Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin lives off-reservation. Regrettably, the ties between the Menominee{\textquoteright}s reservation and urban populations, like those between the split populations of so many Indian nations, have been tenuous for decades. In 1994, however, a group of Menominee Indians living in Chicago reached out to the Tribe and the Tribe reciprocated. Now, the Menominee Community Center of Chicago is an official community of the Menominee Nation and its members are active participants in tribal culture and governance, strengthening and being strengthened by this renewed connection. Together, reservation and urban Menominee are reinforcing their respective communities by reuniting their nation.

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View Case Study\ (PDF)

}, url = {https://hpaied.org/publications/menominee-community-center-chicago?keys=\&field_tribe_tid=All\&field_topic_tid=All\&field_year_value=\&field_pub_type_value=Honoring\%20Nations\%20Report\&page=6} } @report {1426908, title = {Na{\textquoteright}Nizhoozhi Center, Inc. | Navajo Nation}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127830","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]In collaboration with other concerned tribal and non-tribal governments, the Navajo Nation established the Na{\textquoteright}Nizhoozhi Center, Inc. in 1992 to address the problem of public intoxication in Gallup, New Mexico. Remarkable not only for its success in dramatically reducing Gallup{\textquoteright}s alcohol-related ills, but also for serving a substantial off-reservation Native population, the Center demonstrates the power of an intergovernmental collaboration led by an Indian nation that looks beyond assigning fault for a social crisis in order to heal a shared community.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/na_nizhoozhi_center_inc.pdf?m=1639579022} } @report {1426920, title = {Navajo Nation Corrections Project | Navajo Nation}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127834","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Prison yard with sweat lodge in corner of yard.","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]In 1983, the Navajo Nation Corrections Project emerged as the only tribally funded program in the country to provide American Indian inmates in tribal, state, and federal prisons access to traditional religious ceremonial practices. A pioneer in the realm of prisoner advocacy, the Navajo Nation Corrections Project not only promotes Native inmates{\textquoteright} dignity and recovery through access to culturally appropriate religious rites, but also wages a passionate defense of a basic human and civil right already guaranteed to non-Native inmates: the free practice of their religions.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/navajo_nation_corrections_project.pdf?m=1639579031} } @report {1427061, title = {Northwest Intertribal Court System | Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation, Jamestown S{\textquoteright}Klallam Tribe, Muckleshoot Tribe, Port Gamble S{\textquoteright}Klallam Tribe, Sauk-Suiattle Tribe, Shoalwater Bay Tribe, Skokomish Tribe, Stillaguamish Tribe, Tulalip Tribe}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127842","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Courts are cornerstones of sovereign governments: they define and uphold the laws through which nations govern themselves. Too often, however, the absence or weakness of tribal courts means tribal citizens must rely on state courts that are ill-equipped to serve their needs. In 1979, a consortium of small tribes whose limited resources precluded the establishment of independent tribal courts formed the Northwest Intertribal Court System (NICS). NICS has demonstrated its commitment to protecting and advancing tribal sovereignty for over two decades by providing its member tribes with adjudication services and helping them to establish their own courts that promote fair, equitable, and uniform justice.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/northwest_intertribal_court_system.pdf?m=1639579131} } @report {1427062, title = {Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board | The 43 Federally Recognized Tribes of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127844","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Launched in the early 1970s by a group of tribal leaders who recognized the value of intertribal coordination, the Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board (NPAIHB) plays a critical role in improving the health status of Indian nations located in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. Through a wide range of activities that include policy advocacy, health promotion and disease prevention, and data collection and management, NPAIHB empowers its forty-three member tribes to create and manage effective health care systems that are designed to meet community needs.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/northwest_portland_area_indian_health_board.pdf?m=1639579126} } @report {1427332, title = {Quil Ceda Village | The Tulalip Tribes}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127870","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Although successful gaming enterprises enabled the Tulalip Tribes to begin their journey from entrenched poverty to economic stability, the tribal government realized that economic diversification was essential. In 1998, they created the institutional and physical blueprints for Quil Ceda Village, a uniquely structured tribal municipality that boasts a business park, several national retailers, a casino, and the infrastructure to sustain further expansion. Quil Ceda Village now attracts over eleven thousand visitors daily and offers the Tribes and surrounding communities a promise of economic growth on which their citizens can depend.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/quil_ceda_village.pdf?m=1639579162} } @report {1426923, title = {Trust Resource Management | Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127741","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Male presenting staff member standing next to wall covered in various tribal maps.","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]In the mid-1970s, the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of western Montana decided to assume the management of their natural resources. Consciously avoiding haphazard takeovers of existing programs, the Tribes strategically built the necessary infrastructure and developed the necessary expertise to enact a gradual assertion of self-governance. Now, with the management of trust resources firmly under their control, the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes understand that the ability to establish priorities, set goals, and address the economic and cultural needs of their citizens through effective and efficient management is indispensable to the fullest possible exercise of tribal sovereignty.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/trust_resource_management.pdf?m=1639579306} } @presentation {1428332, title = {Excerpts from "Charter for Change: A 21st Century Approach" Keynote address at honoring ceremony for Honoring Nations 2002, Bismarck, North Dakota}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/excerpts_version_of_brian_hendersons_speech_0.pdf?m=1639579110}, author = {Brian C. McK Henderson} } @presentation {1428351, title = {Excerpts from "Tradition as a Foundation for Today{\textquoteright}s Tribal Successes" Welcoming address at honoring ceremony for Honoring Nations 2002, Bismarck, North Dakota}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/oren_lyons_speech_excerpted.pdf?m=1639579156}, author = {Oren R. Lyons} } @report {1426788, title = {Muhheconneq National Confederacy}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

This report was created to assist the Penobscot Nation in their efforts to reunify the historic Muhheconnew National Confederacy. This document was intended to aid the promotion, understanding, and awareness of the historical origins and accounts of this northeastern coastal confederacy. In addition to providing a historical overview, this document presents contemporary activities and status of the confederacy since its restoration on February 29th, 1992.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/muhheconneq_national_confederacy.pdf?m=1639579075}, author = {Bruce Stonefish and Amy Besaw-Medford} } @report {1426802, title = {Planting Seeds for the Future- Nation Building for Native Youth}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/planting_seeds_for_the_future-_nation_building_for_native_youth.pdf?m=1639579199}, author = {Kendra Shumway and Emily Hansen} } @report {1427118, title = {Corporate Executives Roles and Responsibilities }, year = {2002}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/corporate_executives_roles_and_responsibilities.pdf?m=1639579078} } @report {1428152, title = {Public Policy Analysis of Indian Gaming in Massachusetts | A Report to the Government of the Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah) }, year = {2002}, abstract = {

Representative Daniel E. Bosley has recently recirculated his 1997 memorandum reporting the results of his investigation into the public policy of casino gaming in Massachusetts, particularly of Indian gaming. 1. The memorandum raises many important considerations regarding the potential impacts on the State of Massachusetts of an expansion of gambling offerings within the state. We have undertaken a systematic review of the relevant literature on the impacts of Indian gaming, including a study by Deloitte \& Touche describing a Wampanoag casino proposal, 2. to assess the extent to which Representative Bosley{\textquoteright}s memorandum appropriately assesses these impacts. We conclude that while the 1997 Bosley Memorandum asked a number of relevant and important public policy questions, the evidence available in 2002 no longer supports its conclusions.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/ma_indian_gaming_-_all.pdf?m=1639579021}, author = {Joseph Kalt and Jonathan Taylor and Kenneth Grant} } @report {1428153, title = {Report on Best Practices in Developing Effective Processes of American Indian Constitutional Reform}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

The Executive Session on American Indian Constitutional Reform is a national working group of constitutional reformers from 12 American Indian nations and leading academics. The Executive Session meets twice a year to rethink strategies for strengthening tribal constitutions and constitution-making processes. This report is aimed at Indian nations planning constitutional revision. It highlights best practices in developing effective processes of constitution-making and revision, an issue of pressing concern to a growing number of American Indian nations reexamining their constitutions. The ideas and conclusions in this report emerged from the May 9-11, 2002 meeting of the Executive Session at Harvard University, {\textquotedblleft}Launching Effective Processes of Reform and Maximizing Citizen Participation and Education.{\textquotedblright}\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/lemont_developing_effective_process_of_reform_0.pdf?m=1639579093}, author = {Eric Lamont} } @report {1426917, title = {Statement Before the United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs: Hearing Regarding S.343, Indian Tribal Development Consolidated Funding Act}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/spilde_s-343.pdf?m=1639579280} } @report {1427786, title = {Wakanyeia Pawicayapi, Inc. and the Case for Direct Billing | Oglala Sioux Tribe of the Pine Ridge Reservation}, year = {2002}, abstract = {View Report (PDF)} } @report {1426928, title = {White Mountain Apache Tribe Taking Enterprises into the 21 st Century: Rethinking Sunrise Ski Resort | White Mountain Apache Tribe }, year = {2002}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/wmatsunrisejester-humphreys.pdf?m=1639579325} } @report {1427420, title = {Akimel O{\textquoteright}odham/Pee-Posh Youth Council | Gila River Indian Community}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":1127854,"view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Gila River Indian Community Logo","title":"Gila River Indian Community","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Chartered under the laws of the Gila River Indian Community, the Akimel O{\textquoteright}odham/Pee-Posh Youth Council gives youth a formal voice in tribal governance and prepares the next generation of leadership. Comprised of twenty young leaders between the ages of fourteen and twenty-one, who are elected by their peers to serve two-year terms, the Youth Council advises the Tribal Government on a diverse range of issues including youth delinquency, substance abuse, and teen pregnancy. In addition, the Youth Council engages tribal youth in a variety of initiatives that enhance understanding of and participation in tribal public service.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/gila_river_youth_council.pdf?m=1639579009} } @report {1427362, title = {Bringing Financial and Business Expertise to Tribes | Viejas Band of Kumeyaay Indians}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127926","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]The first American Indian-owned bank in California, Borrego Springs Bank offers a full range of services to tribal governments, Native-owned businesses, and others in order to foster the economic self-sufficiency of American Indian nations and individuals, diversify the Viejas Tribe{\textquoteright}s economy, and improve Indian Country{\textquoteright}s access to financial services. With over $83 million in assets and three full-service branches that serve Indian and non-Indian clientele, the Bank is an impressive financial institution that provides fruitful lessons for other tribes.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/bringing_financial_and_business_expertise_to_tribes.pdf?m=1639579036} } @report {1428157, title = {A Case Study: Cultivating New Opportunities | Tribal Government Gaming on the Pechanga Reservation}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

This case study of Indian gaming{\textquoteright}s genesis and development on the Pechanga reservation highlights the profound changes made possible by a coordinated strategy of nation building and economic development in Indian Country. It also highlights the profound influence of coordinating intertribal political and economic initiatives. Examining one tribe{\textquoteright}s particular experience with Indian gaming also provides insight into the ways that federal and state policies actually {\textquotedblleft}play out{\textquotedblright} at the tribal level.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/nigacasestudypechanga.pdf?m=1639579313}, author = {Katherine A. Spilde} } @report {1427301, title = {Cherokee Nation History Course | Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127900","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Required as mandatory training for tribal employees, the Cherokee Nation History Course has given employees, both Cherokee and non-Cherokee alike, a stronger sense of pride and a better understanding of self-governance. Indeed, this successful and innovative history and leadership course has stimulated a shift in employees{\textquoteright} and citizens{\textquoteright}\ thinking. Tribal employees see themselves not only as service providers, but as leaders of their nation; tribal members no longer see themselves as mere recipients of services, but as active citizens of a sovereign nation.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/cherokee_nation_history_course.pdf?m=1639578977} } @report {1427399, title = {Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission | Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation, Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation, Nez Perce Tribe}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1128236","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]In response to the failure of the federal and state governments to protect salmon and salmon habitat in the Columbia River Basin, the Yakama, Umatilla, Nez Perce, and Warm Springs Tribes came together in 1977 to create the Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission. Through fisheries management, policy development, advocacy, litigation support, habitat restoration, and fundraising, CRITFC is leading a comprehensive effort to restore salmon for the benefit of its member tribes and all people of the Pacific Northwest.

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}, url = {columbia_river_intertribal_fish_commission.pdf} } @report {1427401, title = {Coyote Valley Tribal EPA | Coyote Valley Band of Pomo Indians}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1128238","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Established in 1991 with the cooperation of the US Environmental Protection Agency, the Coyote Valley Tribal EPA merges two important protection initiatives into a single, mutually reinforcing effort. By empowering youth through training in environmental protection, the Coyote Valley Band of Pomo Indians not only protects the reservation environment for future generations but also protects the Tribe{\textquoteright}s most precious resource: the Coyote Valley Pomo youth themselves.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/coyote_valley_tribe_epa_0.pdf?m=1639579033} } @report {1428248, title = {From Vision to Decision: Development of the Uplands at Swinomish | Swinomish Indian Tribal Community}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

The Swinomish Indian Tribal Community{\textquoteright}s recent acquisition of a 360-acre parcel of land within the reservation known as the Knudsen Farm marks the beginning of a new period of major opportunities and significant choices for the Swinomish. The Tribe has already decided to devote approximately half of the Knudsen parcel, which lies along the Swinomish Channel below Padilla Bay, to a new 1,200 slip Marina that at the time of this writing is scheduled to begin construction in late summer 2002 (see Map on Page 2 for layout of proposed Marina). The purpose of this report is to investigate the possibilities available to the Swinomish for the development of the remainder of the site, approximately 120- acres surrounding the Marina known as {\textquotedblleft}the Uplands.{\textquotedblright} The report is written from the perspective that the proposed Marina will move forward as planned, creating an opportunity for the Tribe to choose between a variety of sometimes competing economic and social opportunities created by following different paths in the development of the Uplands.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/laulandmcgilvraypae.pdf?m=1639579066} } @report {1427422, title = {Government Reform, Din{\'e} Appropriate Government, Local Governance Projects | Navajo Nation}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1128249","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Recognizing the demand for a government that would respond to the unique needs of the Din{\'e} people, the Navajo Nation created the Commission on Navajo Government Development and its administrative arm, the Office of Navajo Government Development, in 1989. With the sole responsibility of undertaking government reform, the Commission and Office have educated the Navajo population on governmental issues and increased local participation in governance and the government reform process. These organizations are unique{\textemdash}and uniquely successful{\textemdash}in institutionalizing the process for undertaking on-going government reform in Indian Country.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/government_reform_dine_appropriate_government_and_local_governance_projects.pdf?m=1639579119} } @report {1427437, title = {Haudenosaunee Nationals Lacrosse | Haudenosaunee Confederacy}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1136947","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"270","width":"405","style":"float: right;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Officially sanctioned by the Grand Council of Chiefs to represent the Haudenosaunee, the Haudenosaunee\ Nationals Lacrosse Team is the only Native national sports team in international competition. The Team, which has won numerous medals and awards, travels overseas using Haudenosauneee passports, and in so doing, has successfully engaged state departments, embassies, and consulates around the world in recognizing the sovereignty of the Haudenosaunee\ Confederacy and its member nations. Team members comprise a corps of Iroquois ambassadors who build international goodwill and educate fellow athletes, government officials, and the public about the Iroquois.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/iroquois_nationals_lacrosse.pdf?m=1639579004} } @report {1427425, title = {Healing Lodge of the Seven Nations | Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, Kalispel Indian Community, Nez Perce Tribe, Spokane Tribe of Indians}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1128252","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Owned by a consortium of seven Indian nations, the Healing Lodge of the Seven Nations is a treatment center that helps Native American youth and their families heal from the trauma of alcohol and drug abuse. Services include in-patient chemical dependency programs, mental health counseling, family counseling, a juvenile justice improvement project, recreation, education, and cultural activities. Since its creation in 1989, the Healing Lodge has served over 1,500 youth from more than 150 Indian nations, giving them fresh opportunities to better themselves and their communities.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/healing_lodge_of_the_seven_nations.pdf?m=1639579013} } @report {1426910, title = {Nation Building Among the Chilkoot Tlingit | Chilkoot Indian Association}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127954","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Excluded by the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act in 1971, the Chilkoot Tlingit{\textquoteright}s political presence was reduced to a mailbox and storage room in the basement of a meeting hall in Haines, Alaska. Embracing the concept of self-determination, the Chilkoot Indian Association has been engaged in a process of nation building since 1990. The Tribe is rewriting its constitution, developing institutional capacity, rebuilding a land base, forging government-to-government relationships with surrounding jurisdictions, and improving services for its citizens.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/nation_building_among_the_chilkoot_tlingit.pdf?m=1639579020} } @report {1427335, title = {Safe, Clean Waters | Lummi Indian Nation}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":1127941,"view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]The Lummi Indian Nation established the Lummi Tribal Sewer and Water District in 1983 to ensure the Nation{\textquoteright}s role in the provision of safe drinking water and discharge of clean wastewater across its reservation, located 100 miles north of Seattle. The District{\textquoteright}s managerial, financial, and technical competence{\textemdash}emerging at a time when the Lummi Nation confronted serious challenges to its jurisdiction over non-tribally owned lands within the reservation{\textemdash}has enhanced tribal sovereignty while providing critical infrastructure services to the reservation{\textquoteright}s five thousand Native and non-Native residents.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/safe_clean_waters.pdf?m=1639579266} } @report {1427340, title = {Southwest Oregon Research Project | Coquille Indian Tribe}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127878","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]In 1995, the Coquille Indian Tribe established the Southwest Oregon Research Project (SWORP) to recover historical, anthropological, military, and government documents relating to the Tribe and surrounding Indian nations. These documents were potlatched in two giftgiving ceremonies to forty-four different tribes and are now locally accessible at tribal libraries and at a central archive at the University of Oregon. Through SWORP, the Coquille have helped themselves and others rewrite and interpret tribal histories, develop innovative partnerships, improve tribal governmental performance, and strengthen tribal sovereignty.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/southwest_oregon_research_project.pdf?m=1639579279} } @report {1427292, title = {Umatilla Basin Salmon Recovery Project | Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127886","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]The Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR) initiated the Umatilla Salmon Recovery Project in 1980 to restore water and salmon to the Umatilla River while also protecting the local economy, which depends on irrigated agriculture. Remarkable both for its success in bringing salmon back to a river where they had been absent for seventy years and in the avoiding endless cycles of litigation frequently associated with natural resource and species restoration conflicts, the Project demonstrates the effectiveness of cooperative problem-solving.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/umatilla_basin_salmon_recovery_project.pdf?m=1639579298} } @report {1427296, title = {Whirling Thunder Wellness Program | Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127890","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"width: 405px; height: 270px; float: right;","alt":"Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska Logo","title":"Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Established in 1979, and taken under Winnebago tribal management in 1995, the Whirling Thunder Wellness Program combats diabetes and substance abuse by raising community awareness, administering primary and secondary prevention services, and encouraging healthy lifestyles that are consistent with traditional practices. With its focus on prevention, this field-based program is changing individual and community behavior on the reservation and helping to ensure a healthy citizenry for generations to come.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/whirling_thunder_wellness_program.pdf?m=1639579283} } @report {1427833, title = {Ya Ne Dah Ah School | Chickaloon Village}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127795","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Official seal of the Chickaloon Village.","class":"media-element file-default "}}]]Dedicated to providing community youth with the skills necessary for functioning in a modern world while maintaining Native knowledge and practices, the Ya Ne Dah Ah School is Alaska{\textquoteright}s only tribally owned and operated full-time primary school and day care facility. Located in a two-room schoolhouse and supported entirely by private donations and tribal funding, the School{\textquoteright}s twenty students are taught {\textendash} and excel in {\textendash} the conventional topics of science, math, English, and social studies. In addition, the students learn Ahtna Athabascan history, language, music, and art {\textendash} topics and skills that the Village of Chickaloon values and that community members help the School to teach.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/ya_ne_dah_ah_school.pdf?m=1639579292} } @report {1428352, title = {Yakama Nation Land Enterprise | Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127796","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Official seal of the Yakama Nation.","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]The Yakama Nation Land Enterprise was created in 1950 to provide the Yakama Nation with an institutional vehicle for confronting its longstanding crisis of land loss. By taking an active role as a buyer and developer of land within the exterior boundaries of the Yakama Reservation, the Yakama Nation Land Enterprise presents an excellent model of how Indian nations can reduce reservation checkerboarding, decrease attendant jurisdictional disputes with other governments, and develop revenue-generating businesses to complete a cycle of self-sufficient land repurchase.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/yakima_nation_land_enterprise.pdf?m=1639579287} } @report {1427787, title = {Yankton Sioux Constitutional Reform Manual | Yankton Sioux Tribe}, year = {2002}, abstract = {View Report (PDF)}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/yankton_complete_final_substance.pdf?m=1639579291} } @report {1428364, title = {Zuni Eagle Sanctuary | Pueblo of Zuni}, year = {2002}, note = {Google Voyager map}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127956","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Created in 1999, the Zuni Eagle Sanctuary is the first eagle sanctuary owned and operated by Native Americans as well as the first aviary constructed for the purpose of cultural preservation. Combining both functional aspects of eagle care with an aesthetic that reflects the natural surroundings of Zuni, the Sanctuary is home to more than twenty eagles that otherwise would have been destroyed. Successfully meeting the Zunis{\textquoteright} demand for molted eagle feathers that are used in religious and cultural ceremonies, the Sanctuary is also a model of intergovernmental cooperation between a tribal government and federal agency.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/zuni_eagle_sanctuary.pdf?m=1639579311} } @article {1428359, title = {Overcoming the Politics of Reform: The Story of the 1999 Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma Constitutional Convention}, year = {2001}, abstract = {

A pressing international challenge is developing processes of constitution-making that manage the politics of reform and produce legitimate and effective constitutions. This challenge is of special concern for numerous American Indian nations that have been embroiled in dual governments and constitutional crises over the past several decades. This article traces the recent constitutional reform process of the second largest Indian nation in the United States, the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/lemont_cherokee_case_study4.pdf?m=1639579087}, author = {Eric Lemont} } @report {1426792, title = {Native American Women{\textquoteright}s Business Council}, year = {2001}, abstract = {

This report has been prepared at the request of the Native American Women{\textquoteright}s Business Council. The Native American Women{\textquoteright}s Business Council (NAWBC) operates under the umbrella of the National Indian Business Association. It was created in response to the {\textquotedblleft}need for a forum to voice American Indian, Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian businesswoman issues{\textquotedblright}. The organization is in the infancy stages and critical decisions with respect to mandate, functions and how the organization is to be financed have not been determined.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/native_american_womens_business_council.pdf?m=1639579037}, author = {Blaine Favel and Brenda Stevenson} } @report {1426776, title = {Job Skills Education Curriculum Supplement for the White Mountain Apache}, year = {2001}, abstract = {

This proposal is in response to solicitations from the White Mountain Apache Tribe and the Johns Hopkins Strengthening Families Program.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/job_skills_education_white_mountain_apache.pdf?m=1639579008}, author = {Katherine Heller and Winthrop Rumi} } @report {1427773, title = {Policing on American Indian Reservations: A Report to the National Institute of Justice}, year = {2001}, abstract = {Crime is increasing dramatically in Indian Country, but little is known about how such factors as culture, geography, and economy affect law enforcement policies and practices. The superficial description of Indian Country law enforcement shows a rural environment with rural-style policing, but these communities have a "government-to-government" relationship with the United States. While members of different tribes vary widely, most Indian nations face severe social and economic problems. The study was conducted by the Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management and the Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development. It began with a literature review and visits to several Indian police departments and the Indian Police Academy in New Mexico. It included a two-part survey distributed to Indian police departments and intensive site visits to four reservations. The study concluded that there is a crisis in reservation policing, including: (1) high turnover and poor employee morale resulting in a lack of well-qualified and experienced officers; (2) flawed basic departmental management; (3) inadequate budgets, fiscal mismanagement, and even corruption; and (4) undue political interference in police operations. Suggested remedies for these problems include increased tribal control over tribal institutions, demotion of Federal agencies from decision makers to advisors and providers of technical assistance, and creation of workable, nation-specific community policing institutions and approaches informed by traditional customs.}, author = {Stewart Wakeling and Miriam Jorgensen and Susan Michaelson} } @article {1428366, title = {Developing Effective Processes of American Indian Constitutional and Governmental Reform: Lessons from Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, Hualapai Nation, Navajo Nation and Northern Cheyenne Tribe}, year = {2001}, abstract = {

Over the past several decades, numerous American Indian nations have been revising their constitutions to create more legitimate, effective and culturally-appropriate governments. However, successful processes of reform have been hindered by a variety of universal challenges, including political obstacles to changing the status quo, difficulties in achieving effective citizen participation and insufficient mechanisms for resolving conflict. Drawing from the recent constitutional and governmental reform experiences of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, the Hualapai Nation, the Navajo Nation, and the Northern Cheyenne Tribe, this paper discusses how four American Indian nations addressed these challenges.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/lemont_developing_effective_process_of_reform_0.pdf?m=1639579093}, author = {Eric Lemont} } @report {1428353, title = {Policy Foundations for the Future of Nation Building in Indian Country}, year = {2001}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/pequotspeechfinal.pdf?m=1639579128}, author = {Joseph Kalt} } @report {1427087, title = {Reframing the Issues: A Path towards Healing for Native American Communities in Massachusetts }, year = {2001}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/a_path_towards_healing.pdf?m=1639578980} } @hearing {1428333, title = {Statement Before the United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs{\textquoteright} Hearing Regarding Native American Program Initiatives at the College and University Level}, year = {2001}, abstract = {

We thank you for the opportunity to appear here today. We represent the Harvard University Native American Program and its affiliated projects. In addition, Prof. Kalt serves as co-director of the Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development. We would like to take this opportunity to describe the efforts underway at Harvard as the University reinvigorates its commitment to American Indian issues, students, leaders, and nations. Recent investment in the University{\textquoteright}s efforts make this an important and exciting time that holds the promise of bringing Harvard{\textquoteright}s considerable resources to bear in a positive way on the challenges of nation building in Indian Country.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/senatekaltpepion2001.pdf?m=1639579175}, author = {Joseph Kalt and Ken Pepion} } @hearing {1428334, title = { Statement Before the United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs regarding Tribal Good Governance Practices and Economic Development}, year = {2001}, abstract = {

Good morning Mr. Chairman, Mr. Vice Chairman and Members of the Committee. Thank you for the opportunity to appear before you today to discuss an issue of tremendous importance to Indian Country {\textendash} effective tribal governance and its impact on economic development and the well being of Native citizenry. My name is Andrew Lee, and I have the pleasure of serving as the Executive Director of the Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development (the Harvard Project) at the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.1 The Harvard Project is codirected by Prof. Joseph Kalt (Harvard University), Prof. Stephen Cornell (University of Arizona) and Dr. Manley Begay (University of Arizona).\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/senate_testimony_andrew_lee.pdf?m=1639579270} } @report {1427813, title = {Uniting Mescalero Apache Students and Reservation Employment: Mescalero Apache Employment Coordination Program}, year = {2001}, abstract = {

This report is designed to recommend a strategy to untie students who have attained post-secondary degrees with on-reservation employment through the creation of a Mescalero Employment Coodination Program.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs_01_1.pdf?m=1639579224} } @report {1427771, title = {Welfare, Work, and American Indians: The Impact of Welfare Reform}, year = {2001}, abstract = {The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996(PRWORA) ushered in a new era of welfare programs in America. PRWORA and related legislation specifically addressed the needs of American Indian tribes. In this report we review the key features of the welfare reform legislation as it applies to American Indians and Indian Country, assess {\textendash} to the best of our ability with currently available information {\textendash} its impact on Indian nations and its chances of achieving its goals, and identify key issues that demand attention if welfare reform is to succeed on Indian lands.}, author = {Eddie F. Brown and Leslie S. Whitaker and Melinda Springwater and Cornell, Stephen and Miriam Jorgensen and Michelle Hale and Ami Nagle} } @report {1428367, title = {Building the Fort Apache Heritage Foundation: Developing a Strategic Vision, Organizational System, and Management Plan}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

In 1998, the White Mountain Apache Tribe in Arizona established the Fort Apache Heritage Foundation as a 501{\textcopyright}3 corporation. The principal goal of the foundation is to restore and revitalize the world-famous Fort Apache Historic District.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs00-5.pdf?m=1639579215} } @report {1428368, title = {Building the Fort Apache Heritage Foundation: Developing a Strategic Vision, Organizational System, and Management Plan}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

In 1998, the White Mountain Apache Tribe in Arizona established the Fort Apache Heritage Foundation as a 501{\textcopyright}3 corporation. The principal goal of the foundation is to restore and revitalize the world-famous Fort Apache Historic District.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs00-5.pdf?m=1639579215} } @report {1427812, title = {Jiway Gwavo The War Room: Building a Hualapai Department of Justice }, year = {2000}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs_00_8_0.pdf?m=1639579228} } @report {1428373, title = {Local Governance for Oglala Sioux Tribe: A Return to Local Empowerment}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs00-6.pdf?m=1639579189} } @report {1428358, title = {The National Evidence on the Socioeconomic Impacts of American Indian Gaming on Non-Indian Communities}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

"Based on statistical analysis of a national sample of 100 communities across the United States, 24 of which experienced the introduction of a nearby non-Indian casino and 16 of which experienced the introduction of an Indian casino, we find that Indian casinos have substantial beneficial economic and social impact on surrounding communities..."

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs00-1.pdf?m=1639579205} } @report {1428363, title = {Sovereignty, Devolution, and the Future of Tribal-State Relations}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

Stephen Cornell and Jonathan B. Taylor speak at the National Congress of American Indians Mid-Year Session in Juneau, Alaska on June 26, 2000. "Our remarks stand back a bit from the particular circumstances of any one state-tribal relationship to examine the overall state of those relations, the changes that are reshaping them, and the implications of those changes for Indian nations."

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs00-4.pdf?m=1639579216}, author = {Cornell, Stephen and Jonathan Taylor} } @report {1427398, title = {Coeur d{\textquoteright}Alene Tribal Wellness Center | Coeur d{\textquoteright}Alene Tribe}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1128235","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default "}}]]Created in 1998, the Coeur d{\textquoteright}Alene Wellness Center promotes healthy lifestyles by offering programs in fitness, aquatics, physical rehabilitation, childcare and community health to over 2,500 Indian and non-Indian clients. Utilizing a whole-life approach to health and focusing on preventative care, the Center complements acute and chronic illness care provided by the Benewah Medical Center, which was created in 1990 through a joint venture between the Tribe and the City of Plummer, Idaho. Together with the Medical Center, the multi-purpose Wellness Center is the culmination of the Tribe{\textquoteright}s goal to provide reservation residents with affordable health care.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/coeur_d_alene_tribal_wellness_center.pdf?m=1639579088} } @report {1427407, title = {Economic Development Corporation: Ho-Chunk Inc. | Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1128240","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Chartered under the laws of the Winnebago Tribe and wholly owned by the Tribe, Ho-Chunk, Inc. was launched in 1994 to diversify the Tribe{\textquoteright}s business interests while maintaining a separation between business and tribal government. The general purpose company promotes economic self-sufficiency and creates jobs through its actively managed enterprises, joint ventures and passive investments, which include hotels, convenience stores, websites and an order fulfillment center.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/economic_development_corporation.pdf?m=1639579095} } @report {1427409, title = {Elders Cultural Advisory Council | San Carlos Apache Tribe}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1128243","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Formed by tribal resolution in 1993, the San Carlos Elders Cultural Advisory Council advises the Tribal Council on matters of culture, conducts consultations with off-reservation entities regarding cultural matters and administers the cultural preservation activities of the Tribe. As a source of traditional wisdom, the Elders Council plays an active role in the Tribe{\textquoteright}s governance by providing insight on diverse issues, including resource management, leadership responsibilities, environmental issues, cultural practices and repatriation.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/elders_cultural_advisory_council.pdf?m=1639579072} } @report {1427413, title = {Enhancing Government to Government Relationships | Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1128245","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]The Grand Ronde Intergovernmental Affairs Department has achieved positive intergovernmental relationships by pursuing a five-pronged strategy of communication, education, cooperation, contributions and presence. By establishing a department whose primary function is to interact with other governments on a government-to-government basis and by locating it in Salem, the capital of Oregon, the Tribe has solidified its recognition as a sovereign with federal, state, local and other tribal governments.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/enhancing_government_to_government_relationships.pdf?m=1639579025} } @report {1427423, title = {Grand Traverse Band Planning and Development | Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1128266","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Faced with a growing land base and population, ongoing economic development, an increasing number of visitors to its reservation and new pressures from outside interests, the Grand Traverse Band created a Planning and Development Department, which subsequently embarked on a comprehensive and participatory land use planning process. The process and its outcomes have been instrumental in guiding the Department{\textquoteright}s diverse initiatives in public works, housing, public-interest building and regulatory standard setting and in establishing the Band as a respected partner in regional development.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/grand_traverse_band_planning_and_development.pdf?m=1639579109} } @report {1426916, title = {Navajo Nation Archaeology Department | Navajo Nation}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":1127833,"view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Motivated by the idea that Navajos should decide how their culture is preserved and protected, the Navajo Nation Archaeology Department partnered with nearby universities to create two Training Programs for Navajo students interested in careers in cultural preservation. The Programs combine academic training with field experience and are successfully expanding the pool of Navajo professionals qualified to work in key tribal cultural resource positions. In doing so, the Programs meet important community needs and add new perspectives to the fields of anthropology and archaeology.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/navajo_nation_archaeologydept_training_prog.pdf?m=1639579090} } @report {1426913, title = {Navajo Treatment Center for Children and Family (Formerly Navajo Child Special Advocacy Program) | Navajo Nation}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127833","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Responding to a rash of child sexual abuse cases in Arizona and a federally legislated opportunity to craft tribal solutions, the Navajo Child Special Advocacy Program was launched in 1990 to provide Western and Navajo therapy to children who have been sexually abused. With five offices on the reservation, the Program administers sand, art and play therapy, energy psychology and trauma reduction counseling, and provides services and referrals for traditional Navajo therapy. They also conduct forensic interviews. By effectively addressing a pressing but rarely discussed social problem, the Program is helping to create a safe environment that nurtures children and families{\textquoteright} physical, mental and spiritual well being.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/navajo_child_special_advocacy_project.pdf?m=1639579081} } @report {1427284, title = {ONABEN: A Native American Business Network | The Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde, Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation, Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians, Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, Cowlitz Indian Tribe}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127848","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Founded by a consortium of Native nations in the Pacific Northwest, ONABEN{\textquoteright}s mission is to increase self-reliance by promoting the development of tribal-citizen-owned small businesses and the diversification of reservation economies. ONABEN{\textquoteright}s programs provide financial counseling, business mentoring, links to tribal efforts, referrals to start-up financing, and access to a network of experienced teachers and business people. Its annual Trading at the River conference gathers together entrepreneurs, tribal leaders, and experts to trade information about small business development. Conference participants also make network connections that can assist entrepreneurs as they try to support themselves and their families while they also contribute to their nations{\textquoteright} economies. As the ONABEN network continues to grow, its enormous value to both tribal citizens and its member nations grows as well.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/onaben_a_native_american_business_network.pdf?m=1639579164} } @report {1427290, title = {Pharmacy On-Line Billing Initiative | Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127856","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Challenged to provide all of the pharmaceuticals needed by Band members and faced with an inability to bill and collect from third-party insurers, the Fond du Lac Human Services Division contracted with a private sector firm to implement a computerized billing system. The first of its kind for Indian Country, the on-line system interfaces with the Indian Health Service{\textquoteright}s Resource Patient Management System, speeds and enhances the Division{\textquoteright}s pharmaceutical billing capacity, increases Human Services revenues and improves the quality of care offered to Fond du Lac Band members.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/pharmacy_on_line_billing_initiative.pdf?m=1639579212} } @report {1427328, title = {Poeh Cultural Center | Pueblo of Pojoaque}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127859","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]The Pueblo of Pojoaque created the for-profit Pojoaque Pueblo Construction Services Corporation in 1993 specifically to generate revenues for and to oversee the construction and maintenance of the Pueblo{\textquoteright}s non-profit Poeh Cultural Center and Museum. By blending cultural revitalization and economic development into a unique partnership, the Pueblo is creating new revenues and employment opportunities through its construction company, and is regaining control over its cultural future through the promise of a sustained funding stream for cultural and artistic activities.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/poeh_center_sustaining_and_construction_legacies.pdf?m=1639579207} } @report {1428375, title = {Renewing Beauty: Options for Navajo Land Management and Decision Making}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs00-7.pdf?m=1639579137}, author = {Stanley Sylvan Byers} } @report {1427339, title = {Small Business Development Program | Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe Indians}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127945","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]The Small Business Development Program promotes the Mille Lacs Band{\textquoteright}s private sector economy by providing technical assistance, training and low-interest loans to Band-member owned businesses located in Minnesota or within 50 miles of the eastern Reservation community of Lake Lena. Since its inception in 1996, the Program has provided loans to more than 30 businesses, including agricultural, construction, service, retail and home-based enterprises.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/small_business_development_program.pdf?m=1639579276} } @report {1427343, title = {Swinomish Cooperative Land Use Program | Swinomish Indian Tribal Community}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127879","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]The Cooperative Land Use Program, which is based on memoranda of agreement and understanding between the Swinomish Indian Tribal Community and Skagit County, provides a framework for conducting permitting activities within the boundaries of the {\textquotedblleft}checker-boarded{\textquotedblright} reservation and establishes a forum for resolving any conflicts that might arise. Since 1996, both governments have followed a common Comprehensive Land Use Plan and used similar procedures to administer it, exemplifying a mutually beneficial government-to-government relationship.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/swinomish_cooperative_land_use_program.pdf?m=1639579295} } @report {1427348, title = {Treaty Rights/National Forest Memorandum of Understanding | Tribes of the Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127884","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]The Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission, a tribally chartered intertribal organization, negotiated a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the U.S. Forest Service that recognizes and implements treaty guaranteed hunting, fishing and gathering rights under tribal regulations and establishes a consultation process for management decisions that affect treaty rights in four National Forests located within areas ceded by the Chippewa in the Treaties of 1836, 1837, and 1842.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/treaty_rights_national_forest_management_mou.pdf?m=1639579294} } @report {1427431, title = {Two Plus Two Plus Two Program | Hopi Tribe}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127728","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Official Hopi Tribe flag.","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]The Two Plus Two Plus Two college transition program is a partnership between Hopi Jr./Sr. High School, Northland Pioneer College and Northern Arizona University that enrolls senior high school students in classes offering concurrent college level credits. Upon graduation, students can earn up to 30 transferable credits to any accredited state college or university. The Program is helping Hopi students attain advanced educational degrees and, in doing so, is empowering them with technological and academic skills that they can bring back to the rural reservation.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/hopi_jr_sr_high_two_plus_two_plus_two.pdf?m=1639579124} } @report {1427818, title = {White Earth Suicide Intervention Team | White Earth Chippewa Tribe}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":1136839,"view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"270","width":"405","style":"float: right;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]\ The White Earth Suicide Intervenion\ Team was created in 1990 in response to an\ extraordinarily high rate of suicide attempts and completions on the White Earth Reservation. The all-volunteer team provides many services previously absent or lacking, including 24-hour support for the attempter and his or her family, encouragement of voluntary or involuntary hospital admission for all attempters, referrals to mental health services and suicide education.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/white_earth_suicide_intervention_team.pdf?m=1639579290} } @report {1427820, title = {White Mountain Apache Wildlife and Outdoor Recreation Program | White Mountain Apache Tribe}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1136847","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"270","width":"405","style":"float: right;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]\ The White Mountain Apache Wildlife and Outdoor Recreation Program performs all wildlife conservation/management activities for the Tribe and operates a self-sustaining business enterprise based on the Tribe{\textquoteright}s thriving recreation and tourism industry. The Program{\textquoteright}s effective management techniques have allowed the White Mountain Apache to gain control over their wildlife and recreation resources and to manage these resources in accordance with Apache values.

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} } @report {1428354, title = {Yukaana Development Corporation | Louden Tribal Council}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127797","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Sign outside administration building that says Louden Tribal Council.","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]The Louden Tribal Council created the Yukaana Development Corporation (YDC) in 1997 to address the concerns of environmental degradation and environmental justice, and to improve Yukaana citizens{\textquoteright} training and employment opportunities. The first tribally owned corporation in the State of Alaska, YDC led a successful effort to clean the contamination caused by a local military base, and has provided training and employment opportunities to over 100 tribal and community members in this rural region.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/yukanna_development_corporation.pdf?m=1639579314} } @report {1427746, title = {Crow Constitutional Development: Empowering the Crow Nation. }, year = {1999}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs99-2.pdf?m=1639579250} } @report {1427750, title = {Crow Tribal Courts in the 21st Century: Changing Paths - Strengthening the Vision. | Crow Tribe of Montana }, year = {1999}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs99-4.pdf?m=1639579167} } @report {1427748, title = {Economic, Culture, Identity: The Case of the Aquinnah Cultural Center. | Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head Aquinnah }, year = {1999}, abstract = {

The Aquinnah Wampanoag Tribe can transform its vision of the Aquinnah Cultural Center into reality by enhancing the capacity of both the ACC Board of Directors and the Tribal government. Constructing the Aquinnah Cultural Center complex and sustaining the organization in the lon-term requires that both the Tribe and the ACC Board: (1) enhance the management structure of the Center, (2) define the role of the ACC in Tribal economic development, (3) obtin the capital for the initial construction of the complex, and (4) collaborate to the pieces together and make the Center a reality.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs99-3.pdf?m=1639579243} } @report {1427815, title = {The Oglala Oyate Woitancan Empowerment Zone: A Turning Point in Oglala Lakota Nation Building. | Oglala Sioux Tribe of the Pine Ridge Reservation}, year = {1999}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs_99_5.pdf?m=1639579168} } @report {1427745, title = {Paving the Way: Strategies for Tribes to Increase Transportation Funding. }, year = {1999}, abstract = {

This analysis examines the opportunities and limitations of negotiated tax agreements, explores an additional strategy of increaseing tribes{\textquoteright} involvement in state and federal transportation planning, and develops actions for tribes acting individually as well as those acting collectively through ITCA, Inc.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs99-1.pdf?m=1639579238} } @report {1427298, title = {Cherokee Tribal Sanitation Program | Eastern Band of Cherokee}, year = {1999}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127891","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Working with its neighboring counties, the Band developed a waste management system that includes a tribally owned transfer station, waste collection and recycling, bio-solids and food composting, and an education component. This revenue-generating system has enabled the Band to shut down open dumps, reduce levels of illegal dumping, and avoid the need for a tribal landfill. In addition to revenue from sales of recycling and compost materials, the station also services two neighboring counties lacking federally certified landfills. Environmentally, the waste management program has been extremely effective in cleaning up the reservation{\textemdash}whereas two years ago there were five dumps on the reservation, today there is only one. Finally, the tribe is helping to ensure the program{\textquoteright}s future success by educating its youth about the need for recycling.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/cherokee_tribal_sanitation_program.pdf?m=1639578997} } @report {1427377, title = {Choctaw Health Center | Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians}, year = {1999}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127937","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]After transferring all health care decisions from Indian Health Services to tribal control over a ten-year period, the Band significantly improved its health care delivery system. Its state-of-the-art Health Center provides health and dental care, behavioral health care and community health promotion, education and prevention programs, and the first-ever on-reservation disability clinic. In addition, the tribe has implemented an efficient billing and records system that has reduced the "red-tape" typically associated with third party billing. By taking a more active role in its reservation health care, the tribally controlled Choctaw Health Center is improving community health and meeting the specific health care needs of its citizens. In 1997, the Choctaw Band{\textquoteright}s Disability Clinic received the Vice President{\textquoteright}s prestigious Hammer Award for the Clinic{\textquoteright}s effective disability determination process.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/choctaw_health_center.pdf?m=1639579061} } @report {1427433, title = {Idaho Gray Wolf Recovery Program | Nez Perce Tribe}, year = {1999}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127687","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"216","width":"216","style":"float: right; width: 200px; height: 200px;","alt":"Official seal of the Nez Perce Tribe","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]By developing a plan that includes monitoring, outreach, species management/control, and\  research, the Tribe is now leading the statewide recovery of the endangered Gray Wolf. The recovery program, which meets the guidelines developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services, has resulted in a wolf population that is three times larger than it was five years ago. The Idaho Gray Wolf Recovery Program has brought recognition to the Tribe{\textquoteright}s ability to manage a complex and often controversial project. By asserting treaty rights as co- managers of fish and wildlife resources, the Tribe has forged solid working relationships with the federal and state governments, and importantly, the Gray Wolf is rapidly nearing de-listing.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/idaho_gray_wolf_recovery.pdf?m=1639579080} } @report {1427435, title = {Institutionalized Quality Improvement Program | Puyallup Tribe of Indians}, year = {1999}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1128259","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Following a major tribally-initiated restructuring in the early 1980s that created a quality improvement committee and a flatter organizational structure, the PTHA has increased patient access for urgent care visits, reduced {\textquotedblleft}no show{\textquotedblright} rates, created clinical objectives, increased dental treatments, and incorporated the use of traditional healers into health care delivery. The Puyallup Tribe{\textquoteright}s Quality Improvement Program has enabled the PTHA to address effectively many of the health care needs of the community that were previously unmet under the Indian Health Service{\textquoteright}s management. With 6 full time physicians and a staff of 210, the PTHA has become a model for other Indian nations seeking to create and sustain health systems that meet the highest standard of excellence.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/institutionalized_quality_improvement_program.pdf?m=1639579065} } @report {1427060, title = {Land Claims Distribution Trust Fund | Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians}, year = {1999}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127820","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float:right;width:405px;height:270px;","alt":"Official seal of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians.","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]In 1971, the Indian Claims Commission settled a 1948 case against the U.S. government by awarding the Michigan Chippewa and Ottawa Indians $10.3 million in just compensation for ceded lands. However, the settlement money could not exit Federal government coffers until the tribes decided on a distribution formula, and inter-tribal disagreements prevented its transfer for two and a half more decades.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/grand_traverse_band_planning_and_development.pdf?m=1639579109} } @report {1426901, title = {Minnesota 1837 Ceded Territory Conservation Code | Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe}, year = {1999}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":1127731,"view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float:right;width:405px;height:270px;","alt":"Official seal of the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe.","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Fishing, hunting, and gathering have long been central to the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe{\textquoteright}s collective identity. So when the Band yielded a large amount of territory to the United States government in Treaty of 1837, its members retained hunting, fishing, and gathering privileges on the ceded land. Unfortunately, ongoing treaty rights violations{\textemdash}and the mere passage of time{\textemdash}left Band members with a limited ability to exercise their rights. Although they continued to hunt and fish in the Treaty area according to Ojibwe tradition, they did so hesitantly and with a certain degree of fear. Their practices were inconsistent with State of Minnesota regulations, and without the protection of clearly enunciated treaty law, Band members were subject to gear seizure, hefty fines, and possible arrest by State game wardens.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/minnesota1837_ceded_territory_conservation_code.pdf?m=1639579052} } @report {1426929, title = {Navajo Studies Department | Navajo Nation}, year = {1999}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127840","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]By the early 1960s, residents of Rough Rock, Arizona, a town on the Navajo Reservation, had become deeply concerned about their children{\textquoteright}s lack of knowledge of Navajo ways. Community members felt strongly that a primary cause of the problem was the {\textquotedblleft}foreign{\textquotedblright} educational system imposed upon its children. Not only did the U.S. government and state institutions{\textemdash}that is, non-Indians{\textemdash}control Navajo education, but in their hands, education was a means of assimilating American Indian children into mainstream society, removing all traces of Native culture and language. In earlier generations, children had at least received a cultural education at home. But the progressive impact of non-Indian schools meant that fewer and fewer families were able or inclined to teach Navajo traditions.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/navajo_studies_department.pdf?m=1639579122} } @report {1426932, title = {New Law and Old Law Together | Navajo Nation}, year = {1999}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":1127840,"view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]For hundreds of years, the Navajo lived under a traditional justice system composed of both Navajo common law and consensus-oriented judicial procedures. The aim of the justice system was simple: to restore harmony. But beginning in 1892, with the forced introduction of the Bureau of Indian Affairs{\textquoteright} Courts of Indian Offenses, this harmony began to rupture. The break was made complete with the Navajo Nation{\textquoteright}s wholesale adoption of a western court system in 1959. Over the next 25 years, the Nation wrestled with the alienating and disempowering effects of laws and procedures inconsistent with their culture and history. Tribal members who were used to resolving their own disputes were made dependent on modern institutions, including western-style police and judiciaries. Self reliance and community participation withered.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/new_law_and_old_law_together.pdf?m=1639579123} } @report {1427282, title = {Off-Reservation Indian Foster Care | Fond du Lac Lake Superior Band of Chippewa}, year = {1999}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127846","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]In 1991, only 30 percent of children in foster care in Saint Louis County, MN were in Indian homes, despite the legislative attempt of the Indian Child Welfare Act to improve this statistic. Many of these children lived with families who were residents of the Fond du Lac Indian Reservation, which lies primarily in Saint Louis County. Understandably, the staff responsible for social services at Fond du Lac were concerned about the number of Indian children they could not serve. But by 1990, there were 12 Indian foster homes per 1,000 persons on the Reservation, as contrasted with only one non-Indian foster home per 1,000 persons in the surrounding county. In other words, the Fond du Lac Band had reached a saturation point for eligible foster homes, and if more Indian children in need of foster care were to receive the benefits of placement with cultural integrity, those placements could not occur on the reservation. It was vital for Indian children to be placed in off-reservation Indian homes.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/off_reservation_indian_foster_care.pdf?m=1639579144} } @report {1427283, title = {Ojibwe Language Program | Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe}, year = {1999}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127731","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"height":"400","width":"600","style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Official seal of the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe.","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]In 1994, only 10 percent of the members of the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe were fluent in the Band{\textquoteright}s native language, and the youngest native speaker was 37. Faced with these statistics, tribal leaders had great cause for concern{\textemdash}declining language use was a disturbing indicator of the loss of tribal traditions. The Band{\textquoteright}s Chief Executive summarized her colleagues{\textquoteright} sentiment: {\textquotedblleft}Our families were not engaging in our traditions, our children were turning away from our values, and little by little we were losing the battle to protect the uniqueness of our culture.{\textquotedblright} If allowed to continue, the effects of this change would be broad sweeping. For example, because Band members had long considered knowledge of Ojibwe traditions a prerequisite to leadership, few in the succeeding generations would be prepared to step into leadership roles.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/ojibwe_language_program_web_version.pdf?m=1639579161} } @report {1427331, title = {Pte Hca Ka, Inc. | Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe}, year = {1999}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127868","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Indians living on the Cheyenne River Reservation in north central South Dakota are among the poorest in the United States. In the early 1990s, 70 percent of reservation{\textquoteright}s Indian households had incomes near the poverty level, and the unemployment rate exceeded 50 percent. While these economic conditions are the result of many different factors, one of the earliest and most devastating was the systematic destruction of the high plains buffalo herds in the late 1800s. It was an attack on both the Lakota economy and the Lakota way of life. Today, leaders of the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe (CRST) are committed to improving reservation economic conditions and to doing so within important boundaries: they hope to achieve economic success without causing further cultural disintegration.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/pte_hca_ka_inc.pdf?m=1639579162} } @report {1427333, title = {Rosebud Tribal Education Department and Education Code | Rosebud Sioux Tribe}, year = {1999}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127872","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]In the 1980s, statistics showed that the 3,000 elementary and secondary school-age members of Rosebud Sioux Tribe attained disproportionately low levels of academic attendance and achievement at both tribal and public schools. Seeing these numbers, tribal leaders felt strongly that the students{\textquoteright} extremely low attendance and performance rates put an entire generation of Lakota in jeopardy.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/rosebud_tribal_education_department_and_code.pdf?m=1639579260} } @report {1427347, title = {Tax Initiative Economic Development | Kayenta Township, Navajo Nation}, year = {1999}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":1127840,"view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]The town of Kayenta is located in the north-central region of the Navajo Nation. As the gateway to scenic Monument Valley and other important Southwestern Native sites, the area attracts thousands of visitors each year. Yet despite its prime location, the Navajo community in Kayenta has long been unable to act upon the promise of tourism-related development: Non-Navajos own more than half of the businesses in the area, and the Native unemployment rate hovers near 50 percent.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/tax_initiative_economic_development.pdf?m=1639579273} } @report {1427349, title = {Tribal Court of the Grand Traverse Band | Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians}, year = {1999}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":1127820,"view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Official seal of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians.","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]The vagaries of U.S. government policy toward American Indian nations in the 1900s had a particularly damaging effect on the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians (GTB). During various and overlapping periods, they existed as a self-governing Indian community, a non-profit corporation, and a state-recognized Band with lands held by the local county government to meet the housing needs of the immediate Indian community. Finally, in 1980, the Band obtained federal recognition and, in 1988, developed a constitutional government.\ 

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/tribal_court_of_the_grand_traverse_band.pdf?m=1639579287} } @report {1427295, title = {Water Quality Standards | Pueblo of Sandia}, year = {1999}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127888","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","class":"media-element file-default "}}]]Responding to the severe contamination of the Rio Grande River that threatens human health and ceremonial uses of the water, the Pueblo was awarded {\textquotedblleft}treatment as state{\textquotedblright} status in 1990. Subsequently, the Pueblo developed and implemented U.S. EPA approved water quality standards that give it control over local and regional water issues as well as management of water quality improvement efforts. In 1997, the Pueblo of Sandia received EPA{\textquoteright}s "Partnership in Environmental Excellence Award" for "outstanding success in developing an environmental management program to protect and manage tribal resources." Most importantly, the Pueblo is acting to ensure the program{\textquoteright}s future success; by having the Pueblo{\textquoteright}s grade school students tour the river and test its water quality as part of the school science projects, the Pueblo of Sandia is helping to create a new generation of water quality guardians.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/water_quality_standards.pdf?m=1639579305} } @report {1427824, title = {Wildlife and Fisheries Management Program | Jicarilla Apache Tribe}, year = {1999}, abstract = {

[[{"fid":"1127793","view_mode":"default","type":"media","attributes":{"style":"float: right; width: 405px; height: 270px;","alt":"Official seal of The Jicarilla Apache Nation","class":"media-element file-default"}}]]Recognized by state game and fish agencies as being one of the best of its kind, JGFD{\textquoteright}s Program includes a game and fish code and a wildlife management fund for habitat enhancement projects. The Program restored the reservation{\textquoteright}s mule deer population and trophy trout, and established a commercial elk hunting ranch that produces over $1 million for the Tribe annually. The Jicarilla Tribe{\textquoteright}s Wildlife and Fisheries Management Program is regarded by both Indians and non-Indians as a model program. In 1987, the Southwest Section of the Native American Fish and Wildlife Society honored the Jicarilla Game and Fish Department with its "Outstanding Program of the Decade" award.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/wildlife_and_fisheries_management_program.pdf?m=1639579316} } @presentation {1428330, title = {Statement of Professor Joseph P. Kalt Before the National Gambling Impact Study Commission}, year = {1998}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/98-1.pdf?m=1639578988}, author = {Joseph P. Kalt} } @report {1427627, title = {Building Effective Land Management Processes | Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation}, year = {1998}, abstract = {

This report examines the management of lands within the exterior boundaries f the Yakama Indian Nation{\textquoteright}s Reservation. The key difficulties confronting the Yakama Nation{\textquoteright}s land managers include: complications caused by checkerboard land ownership, significant amounts of unsued agricultural land, a challenging regulatory enforcement environment, and indifference or hostility from external political actors. While the Yakama Indian Nation and its land use agencies have - in the face of these many difficulties - built a strong foundation for effective land management, significant work remains if the YIN is going to approach complete fulfillment of its goals.

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} } @report {1427606, title = {Building Entrepreneurship and Economic Development for the Bishop Indian Reservation: A Proposal to Achieve Growth Through Unity. Prepared at the Request of the Bishop Paiute Development Corporation. | Bishop Paiute Tribe}, year = {1998}, abstract = {

The Bishop Paiute Development Coporation has requested this report, aimed toward improving the quality and success of their Indian Entrepreneurship Program soon to begin under HUD E.D./S.S. funding. While the entrepreneurship program itself is strong, the ervice to entrepreneurs could be maximized by development of greater funding and implementation resources, as well as improved communication and relationships with thr Tribal Council, the surrounding agencies, and the population of the Bishop Indian Reservation.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs98-16.pdf?m=1639579249} } @report {1427617, title = {Building Support for the Development of the Hualapai Tribal Court}, year = {1998}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs98-3.pdf?m=1639579312} } @report {1427625, title = {An Electricity Restructuring Strategy for the Crow Tribe | Crow Tribe of Montana }, year = {1998}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs98-7.pdf?m=1639579303} } @report {1428374, title = {Environmental Planning for a Mining Venture on Native Land A Briefing Paper for the Crow Tribe of Montana | Crow Tribe of Montana }, year = {1998}, abstract = {

The Crow tribe has recently been approached by Arch Coal Inc. to initiate exploration and mining prospects for a large mining operation within the tribal reserve. Though the tribe has received royalties from other coal mining operations (Absalooka Mine, in particular), this will be the first full-scale mine on Crow land. Hence the tribe needs considerable planning to ensure that the project brings in much-needed funds while also preservin pristine ecosystem that constitutes the Powder River watershed. This report aims to provide background information to facilitate the environmental planning process.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/98-11.pdf?m=1639578996} } @report {1427608, title = {Nodin Kaja Nodik Megasee (Hear Like an Eagle) Hearing Health for White Earth Reservation. | White Earth Chippewa Tribe}, year = {1998}, abstract = {

This report addresses a number of initiatives, relating to hearing health, that the White Earth Tribal Council may wish to implement. These proposals were developed to build on the programs, skills and equipment already in place at White Earth. Rather than requiring major financial undertakings, these proposals present opportunities for White Earth Tribal Council to continue to expand the number of areas in which Ojibwe National sovereighty is being exercised.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs98-23.pdf?m=1639579339} } @report {1428329, title = {Sovereignty and Nation-Building: The Development Challenge in Indian Country Today}, year = {1998}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs98-25.pdf?m=1639579239}, author = {Joseph Kalt and Cornell, Stephen} } @report {1428331, title = {Strategic Analysis: A Practical Tool for Building Indian Nations}, year = {1998}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs98-10.pdf?m=1639579265}, author = {Cornell, Stephen} } @report {1427619, title = {Tool of Sovereignty: The Crow Commercial Code | Crow Tribe of Montana }, year = {1998}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs98-4.pdf?m=1639579336} } @report {1427621, title = {Toward a Comprehensive Workforce Development System for the Oglala Nation }, year = {1998}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs98-6.pdf?m=1639579328} } @report {1427594, title = {Towards a Declaration for the Protection of the Intellectual and Cultural Property Rights of Native Peoples: An Attempt at a Framework for a Model Tribal Law for The Morning Star Institute, Washington, D.C.}, year = {1998}, abstract = {

The Project aims to create a basic framework for a Draft Declaration for the Protection of the Intellectual and Cultural Property Rights of Native Peoples in the United States of America, by placin it the the broadest possible international context, with special efforts to connect it with related issues in developing countries in general, and India in particular.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs98-12.pdf?m=1639579232} } @report {1427597, title = {The Feasibility Study of Commercially Marketing Elk Meat. |White Mountain Apache Tribe}, year = {1998}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs98-13.pdf?m=1639579269} } @report {1427612, title = {The Partnership of Traditional Navajo Medicine and Biomedical Health Care Practices at the Chinle Comprehensive Care Facility. | Navajo Nation}, year = {1998}, abstract = {

This report is prepared for the "Role of Traditional Navajo Medicine" Committee at the Chinle Comprehensive Health Care Facility (CCHCF) in Chinle, Arizona. In January 1998, this committee was formed by the Chinle Service Unit (CSU) Advisory Health Board in order to develop a model of health care delivery that would facilitate the partnership (ahil na{\textquoteright}anish) of traditional Navajo medicine (TNM) and biomedical health care practices (BHCP).

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs98-24.pdf?m=1639579257} } @report {1427543, title = {An Economic Development Policy for the Oglala Nation | Oglala Sioux Tribe of the Pine Ridge Reservation }, year = {1997}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs97-2.pdf?m=1639579261} } @report {1428369, title = {Evaluating the Impact of Federal Welfare Reform Legislation in Indian Country | Standing Rock Sioux Tribe }, year = {1997}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/97-1.pdf?m=1639579028} } @report {1427593, title = {Hualapai Judicial Reform: Developing Alternative Dispute Resolution | Hualapai Tribe }, year = {1997}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs97-5.pdf?m=1639579333} } @report {1427743, title = {Making Research Count in Indian Country: The Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development }, year = {1997}, abstract = {

"Harvard Project research makes clear that the welfare of American Indian nations in the twenty-first century will depend crucially on their ability to design effective, culturally-appropriate governing institutions and to implement informed economic and social decisions."

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs98-9.pdf?m=1639579301} } @report {1427744, title = {Making Research Count in Indian Country: The Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development }, year = {1997}, abstract = {

"Harvard Project research makes clear that the welfare of American Indian nations in the twenty-first century will depend crucially on their ability to design effective, culturally-appropriate governing institutions and to implement informed economic and social decisions."

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs98-9.pdf?m=1639579301} } @report {1427592, title = {Maximizing the Impact of the Restoration Fund: Policies the White Mountain Apache Tribe Can Use to Manage the 22-H Fund | White Mountain Apache Tribe }, year = {1997}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs97-4.pdf?m=1639579272} } @report {1427562, title = {Strategic Land Acquisition: Implementing Formal Structures, Policies and Processes for Sustainable Decision Making. | The Crow Tribe of Montana}, year = {1997}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs97-3.pdf?m=1639579158} } @report {1427769, title = {Apache Manufacturing Company. A Teaching Case Study in Tribal Management | White Mountain Apache Tribe }, year = {1996}, abstract = {

"{\textellipsis}The case study is intended for use in a senior level undergraduate course in business policy. It would also be especially relevant in a course in economic development on American Indian reservations{\textellipsis}"

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prsc-8.pdf?m=1639579251} } @report {1427540, title = {The Basis of a Nation-to-Nation Relationship: A Report to Oglala Sioux Tribe and the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs}, year = {1996}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs96-5.pdf?m=1639579262} } @report {1427537, title = {From Planning to Implementation: Integrated Planning at the Yakama Indian Nation | Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation}, year = {1996}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs96-2.pdf?m=1639579264} } @report {1427767, title = {Mending the Sacred Hoop of the Lakota Nation: The Chief Big Foot Memorial Rides [Si Tanka Tokiksuye Okalakiciye]. A Teaching Case Study in Tribal Management for Oglala Lakota College. | Intertribal}, year = {1996}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prsc-7.pdf?m=1639579255} } @report {1428165, title = {Oglala Sioux License Plates: A Tribal Manager Tries to Assert Tribal Sovereignty}, year = {1996}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/oglala_sioux_license_plates.pdf?m=1639579127}, author = {Jonathan Taylor} } @report {1426911, title = {Statement of Professor Joseph P. Kalt Before the United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs}, year = {1996}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/senatfnl.pdf?m=1639579259} } @report {1427517, title = {Cultural Evolution and Constitutional Public Choice: Institutional Diversity and Economic Performance on American Indian Reservations.}, year = {1995}, abstract = {

"{\textellipsis}We argue that the foundations of effective collective institutions sit on the processes of normative and positive acculturation of individuals, and we refer to socially shared normative and positive conceptions (or "norms") in the realm of human action as "culture." In this framework, culture-- especially a society{\textquoteright}s political norms -- constitute an informal social contract. Drawing n extensive field and quantitative research into the economic performace and constitutional structures of contemporary, self-governing American Indian societies in the United States, this paper sets forth an evolutionary theory of the social contract..."

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs95-3.pdf?m=1639579244} } @report {1427536, title = {Finding True North: Using Compass Points for Guidance. - A Project Selection Framework for the Northern Cheyenne Tribe of Montana. | Northern Cheyenne Tribe}, year = {1995}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs95-5.pdf?m=1639579258} } @report {1428326, title = {Linking Education and Research for Self Determined Native American Development: What Can be Done? A Seminar Sponsored by the National Executive Education Program for Native American Leadership}, year = {1995}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs95-2.pdf?m=1639579221}, author = {Miriam Jorgensen} } @report {1427510, title = {A Single Acre, A Sovereign Effort: A Model for Muckleshoot Land Use and Economic Development | Muckleshoot Indian Tribe}, year = {1995}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs95-1.pdf?m=1639579240} } @report {1427530, title = {Successful Economic Development and Heterogeneity of Government Form on American Indian Reservations. | Pueblo of Cochiti}, year = {1995}, abstract = {

This paper examines the problem-solving capacities of tribal institutions among a number of tribes. Particular attention is paid to two economically successful and developing (non-gaming) reservations: the Flathead of Montana and the Cochiti Pueblo of New Mexico. The former is governed via a well-developed and codified parliamentary democracy, while the latter operates under a centuries-old theocracy. How can such stikingly different governmental systems both be compatible with the economic success of their respective nations?

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs95-4.pdf?m=1639579233} } @report {1427500, title = {Building Connections: A Strategy to Integrate Resource Management | White Mountain Apache Tribe }, year = {1994}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs94-3.pdf?m=1639579218} } @report {1427501, title = {Creating an Environment to Attract Investors and Develop New Enterprises on the Fort Mojave Indian Reservation | Fort Mojave Indian Tribe}, year = {1994}, abstract = {

The purpose of this paper is to identify key components for successful private investment and business development on the Fort Mojave Indian Reservation. An integrated approach to development, which addresses both these components, should ultimately enable the Tribe to move towards economic self- determination and a sustainable economy.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs94-4.pdf?m=1639579236} } @report {1428325, title = {Five Myths, Three Partial Truths, A Robust Finding, and Two Tasks}, year = {1994}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs94-5.pdf?m=1639579234}, author = {Cornell, Stephen} } @report {1427765, title = {Fort Belknap{\textquoteright}s Community Development Plan. Part A: The Idea That Would Not Go Away Part B: The Process. A Teaching Case Study in Tribal Management }, year = {1994}, abstract = {

The case study is intended for use in a senior level undergradiate course in business policy. It would also be especially relevant in a course in economic development on American Indian reservations. The case study may also have application in a priciples of management course, since the main issue implementing policy can be an important issue in theat course.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prsc-5.pdf?m=1639579252} } @report {1427493, title = {The Impact of the American Health Security Act on Native Americans: A Report to the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians | Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians}, year = {1994}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs94-1.pdf?m=1639579192} } @report {1427494, title = {The Oglala Lakota Judiciary: Meeting Nontribal Demands and Tribal Needs | Oglala Sioux Tribe of the Pine Ridge Reservation }, year = {1994}, abstract = {

The judicial branch of the Oglala Sioux Tribe{\textquoteright}s government suffers from both existing and potentil problems. As an institution that houses the court, the police, and the prosecuting functions of tribal governance, the problems are especially critical. Operational barriers, questions of credibility, and possibly distorted goals plague the organizations that compose the judicial system. Correcting these problems involves serious foundational restructuring. Highly recimmended optins are...

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs94-11.pdf?m=1639579230} } @report {1427505, title = {One Tribe Beats the Odds: The Experience of the Fort McDowell Indian Gaming Center | Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation}, year = {1994}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs94-7.pdf?m=1639579241} } @report {1427496, title = {The Repatriation Project of the Oglala Sioux Nation A Report to the Repatriation Committee | Oglala Sioux Tribe of the Pine Ridge Reservation}, year = {1994}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs94-2.pdf?m=1639579153} } @report {1427504, title = {Toward a New Theory of Environmental Society }, year = {1994}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs94-6.pdf?m=1639579197} } @report {1428240, title = {Accountability, Legitimacy, and the Foundations of Native Self-Governance}, year = {1993}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs93-1.pdf?m=1639579185}, author = {Cornell, Stephen} } @report {1428241, title = {Accountability, Legitimacy, and the Foundations of Native Self-Governance}, year = {1993}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs93-1.pdf?m=1639579185}, author = {Cornell, Stephen} } @report {1428247, title = {Culture as Explanation in Racial and Ethnic Inequality: American Indians, Reservation Poverty, and Collective Action}, year = {1993}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs93-2.pdf?m=1639579152}, author = {Joseph Kalt and Cornell, Stephen} } @report {1427488, title = {Developing Restitution as an Alternative Sanction for the Tuba City Family Court | Navajo Nation }, year = {1993}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs93-8.pdf?m=1639579187} } @report {1427486, title = {A Foundation for Economic Development for the Hualapai Nation: Building an Enterprise Board | Hualapai Tribal Nation}, year = {1993}, abstract = {

"{\textellipsis}For the Hualapai Tribe, economic development engenders more than job creation or increased income generation. Economic development is a means of promoting community revitlization, which will empower the Hualapai to move from a dependent state to a sovereign nation. Therefore, the purpose of this pper is to assist in building the institutional development capacity of the Hualapai Nation via the reconstruction of the Enterprise Board..."

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs93-5.pdf?m=1639579181} } @report {1427484, title = {Human Resource Management Reform at the White Mountain Apache Tribe | White Mountain Apache Tribe }, year = {1993}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs93-4.pdf?m=1639579223} } @report {1427483, title = {Overcoming Conflicts with the Endangered Species Act: Building Tribal Endangered Species Management Capacity. A Report to the White Mountain Apache Tribe | White Mountain Apache Tribe }, year = {1993}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs93-3.pdf?m=1639579172} } @report {1427487, title = {Where Does Economic Development Really Come From? Constitutional Rule Among the Modern Sioux and Apache | Intertribal}, year = {1993}, abstract = {

"...How do societies really establish more or less effective and stable institutions of self-government? This conundrum is leading many analysts to explore pre- and extra- constitutional socio-cultural foundations of social organization. This study argues that shared cultural norms of political legitimacy among rational individuals provide such foundations. To test the framwork we examine modern consitutional rule among a set of small nations: the very modern Apache and the Sioux tribes on American Indian reservations..."

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs93-7.pdf?m=1639579210} } @report {1427481, title = {Buying Back the Land: Land Acquisition as a Means to Achieving Tribal Goals on the Puyallup Reservation | Puyallup Tribe }, year = {1992}, abstract = {

"{\textellipsis}In 1991, the Tribal Council of the Puyallup Tribe of Indians in Tacoma, Washington, identified five long-range goals for the Tribe. The first among these was a stated desire to buy back lands within the Reservtion which had been previously sold by the Tribe or lost through the pssage of the laws and policies of non-Indian governments. For this reson, combined with a requirement by the Land Claims Settlement Act of 1988, the Tribe{\textquoteright}s Land Use Director is developing a comprehensive land use plan. This report addresses the land acquisition component of the broader land use plan.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs92-3.pdf?m=1639579174} } @hearing {1428336, title = {The Challenges of Leadership and Self-Government: A Perspective From the White Mountain Apaches }, year = {1992}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs92-5.pdf?m=1639579183} } @report {1427480, title = {Negotiating a Vision: Principles of Comprehensive Resource Planning and a Planning Process for the White Mountain Apache Tribe | White Mountain Apache Tribe }, year = {1992}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs92-2.pdf?m=1639579170} } @report {1428178, title = {Sociohistorical Factors in American Indian Economic Development: A Comparison of Three Apache Cases}, year = {1992}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs92-4.pdf?m=1639579217} } @book {1428313, title = {What Can Tribes Do?}, year = {1992}, abstract = {In the late 1980s, the Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development carried out an extended study of the conditions under which self-determined economic development can be successful on Indian reservations. The core research method was a comparative analysis of development efforts on several reservations. The focus of the collection is on the institutional and developmental strategies most likely to lead to success on tribal terms.}, url = {http://www.books.aisc.ucla.edu/toc/whattribes.html}, author = {Cornell, Stephen and Joseph P. Kalt} } @case {1427611, title = {KILI Radio: The Voice of the Lakota Nation, A Report to Oglala Lakota College}, year = {1991}, abstract = {

A Teaching Case Study in Tribal Management for Oglala Lakota College

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/kili_radio.pdf?m=1639579017}, author = {Miriam Jorgensen and Eschbach, Karl} } @report {1427302, title = {Can Tribes Manage Their Own Resources? A Study of American Indian Forestry and the 638 Program}, year = {1991}, abstract = {

"{\textellipsis}Under the auspices of the federal trust responsibility, the U.S. Federal Government has historically conducted various enterprises, including the maintenance and marketing of Indian timber resources, on behalf of Indian tribes through the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Perhals the trust respinsibility was intended as a sort of quid pro quo for disenfranchising the Indians of untold millions of acres of land during the persuit of America{\textquoteright}s "manifest destiny". Whatever the reason for this federal interest in Indian affairs, the Federal Government has efectively been serving as the executor of a will, while the decedent is alive and well..."

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs91-4.pdf?m=1639579150} } @report {1428172, title = {Designing Native American Management and Leadership Training: Past Efforts, Present Endeavors, and Future Options}, year = {1991}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs91-3.pdf?m=1639579148} } @report {1427299, title = {Evaluating Land Use Proposals: A Comprehensive System for the Puyallup Tribe of Indians | Puyallup Tribe}, year = {1991}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs91-2.pdf?m=1639579227} } @report {1427297, title = {Where{\textquoteright}s the Glue? Institutional Bases of American Indian Economic Development.}, year = {1991}, abstract = {

"{\textellipsis}In the modern Western World, we think of life and the economy as being ordered by formal law and property rights. Yet formal fules, in even the most developed economy, make up a small (although very important) part of the sum of contraints that shape choices; a moment{\textquoteright}s reflection should suggest to us the pervasiveness of informal cintraints... - Douglass C. North..."

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs91-1.pdf?m=1639579193}, author = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs91-1.pdf?m=1639579193} } @report {1427752, title = {Cedar Pass LodgeA Teaching Case Study in Tribal Management for Oglala Lakota College. | }, year = {1990}, abstract = {

This case was written by Miriam R. Jorgensen for use at Oglala Lakota College and the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University; it was prepared under the direction of Professors Stephen Cornell and Joseph Kalt, co-directors of the Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development. Support was provided by the Kellogg Foundation through the Managers as Warriors Program at Oglala Lakota College. THis case was designed to generate class discussion and IS NOT based on actual events. Facts and figures are generally accurate, to allow effective classroom decision-making, but the meeting described herein is entirely fictional.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prsc-1.pdf?m=1639579166} } @report {1427810, title = {Development Finance at the Standing Rock Sioux Indian Reservation: Assessing a Proposal for Economic Rejuvenation}, year = {1990}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs90-1.pdf?m=1639579142}, author = {Miriam R. Jorgensen} } @case {1428371, title = {Nebraska Sioux Lean Beef, Part A. A Teaching Case Study in Tribal Management for Oglala Lakota Collge}, year = {1990}, abstract = {

This case was written by Miriam R. Jorgensen for use at Oglala Lakota College; it was prepared under the direction of Professors Stephen Cornell and Joseph Kalt, co-directors of the Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development. Support was provided by the Kellogg Foundation through the Managers as Warriors Program at Oglala Lakota College. This case was designed as the basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a managerial and administrative situation. Neither is it intended as an investigative report, so certain facts may have been altered.

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/nslb_part_a.pdf?m=1639579135}, author = {Miriam Jorgensen} } @report {1428355, title = {Nebraska Sioux Lean Beef, Part B}, year = {1990}, abstract = {

"{\textellipsis}In the spring of 1986, financier Scott Bates entered into a joint venture agreement with the Oglala Sioux Tribe to organize Nebraska Sioux Lean Beef, Inc. The corporation purchased a partially defunct packing plant in the nearby, but off-reservation town of Gordon, Nebraska, a move which was to provide substantial profit for the Tribe and employment opportunities for tribal members..."

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/leanbeefpartb.pdf?m=1639579102}, author = {Miriam Jorgensen} } @report {1427624, title = {A Prototypical Economic Development Corporation for Native American Tribes}, year = {1990}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs90-2.pdf?m=1639579304} } @case {1428356, title = {A Teaching Supplement to "Nebraska Sioux Lean Beef, Part B"}, year = {1990}, abstract = {

Nebraska Sioux Lean Beef, Part B - Questions and Points of Discussion

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/leanbeefpartbquestions.pdf?m=1639579106}, author = {Miriam Jorgensen} } @report {1427804, title = {Are Indians Getting a Good Deal? A Study of Bureau of Indian Affairs Forest Management}, year = {1989}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs89-3.pdf?m=1639579146} } @report {1427808, title = {Constitutional Reform for the San Carlos Apache Tribe | A Report to the Apache Tribe of San Carlos, Arizona}, year = {1989}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs89-8.pdf?m=1639579338} } @report {1427620, title = {Culture and Institutions as Public Goods: American Indian Economic Development as a Problem of Collective Action}, year = {1989}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs89-12.pdf?m=1639579254}, author = {Joseph P. Kalt and Cornell, Stephen} } @report {1427629, title = {Evaluating the Impact of Federal Welfare Reform Legislation in Indian Country: A Case Study of the Rosebud Sioux Reservation | A Report to The Council of Energy Resource Tribes}, year = {1989}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs89-2.pdf?m=1639579160} } @report {1427805, title = {Governmental Policies Promoting Management of Wildlife and Wildlife-Based Recreation on American Indian Reservations}, year = {1989}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs89-4.pdf?m=1639579180} } @report {1427809, title = {Navajo Forest Products Industries: Establishing an Economic Development Corporation | A Report to the Navajo Forest Products Industries}, year = {1989}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs89-9.pdf?m=1639579319} } @report {1427623, title = {Pathways from Poverty: Development and Institution-Building on American Indian Reservations}, year = {1989}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs89-5.pdf?m=1639579149}, author = {Joseph P. Kalt and Cornell, Stephen} } @report {1427615, title = {Tourism and Economic Development: Considerations for Tribal Policy and Planning}, year = {1989}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs89-1.pdf?m=1639579138} } @report {1427616, title = {Tourism Development for American Indians in Arizona: The Potential for State Involvement | A Report to the Native American Tourism Center}, year = {1989}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs89-10.pdf?m=1639579143} } @report {1427806, title = {The Tribal Judiciary: A Primer for Policy Development | A Report to Pascua Yaqui, Gila River, Hopi, Navajo, White Mountain Apache, San Carlos Apache, and Tohono O{\textquoteright}odham}, year = {1989}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs89-6.pdf?m=1639579147} } @report {1427807, title = {When Things Go Wrong: Disciplinary Policies for Tribal Departments | A Report to the Hualapai Indian Tribe of Arizona}, year = {1989}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs89-7.pdf?m=1639579324} } @report {1427618, title = {The Economics of Bingo: Factors Influencing the Success of Bingo Operations on American Indian Reservations}, year = {1989}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs89-11.pdf?m=1639579200} } @report {1427610, title = {Economic Development: The Rosebud Sioux Indian Tribe | A Report to the Rosebud Sioux Tribe}, year = {1988}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs88-8.pdf?m=1639579140} } @report {1427614, title = {Evaluation of Reservation - Based Loan Programs | A Report to First Nations Financial Project}, year = {1988}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs88-9.pdf?m=1639579225} } @report {1427607, title = {Managing Organizational Change | A Report to the Crow Tribe of Montana}, year = {1988}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs88-7.pdf?m=1639579213} } @report {1428171, title = {Public Choice, Culture, and American Indian Economic Development}, year = {1988}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs88-13.pdf?m=1639579300}, author = {Joseph Kalt and Cornell, Stephen} } @report {1427516, title = {Apache Cattle: The Reservation as Marketplace, a Sale Yard Feasibility Study | A Report to the San Carlos Apache Tribe}, year = {1988}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs88-11.pdf?m=1639579242} } @report {1427511, title = {Completing the White Mountain Apache Tribal Museum and Culture Center | A Report to the White Mountain Apache Tribe}, year = {1988}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs88-10.pdf?m=1639579141} } @report {1427521, title = {The Crow Tribal Government and Economic Development | A Report to the Crow Tribe of Montana}, year = {1988}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs88-12.pdf?m=1639579235} } @report {1427605, title = {Encouraging Entrepreneurship on the San Carlos Apache Reservation | A Report to the San Carlos Apache Tribe}, year = {1988}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs88-6.pdf?m=1639579178} } @report {1427355, title = {Financing American Indian Economic Development: An Analysis and Organizational Structure for S.721 {\textemdash} The Indian Development Finance Corporation Act | A Report to the Senate Select Committee on Indian Affairs}, year = {1988}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs88-1.pdf?m=1639579204} } @report {1427527, title = {Goals, Institutions and the BIA: Problems with Federal Indian Policy}, year = {1988}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs88-14.pdf?m=1639579171} } @report {1428350, title = {In Search of Peace and Prosperity: The Crow Tribal Struggle for Economic Sovereignty | An Address to Harvard University}, year = {1988}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs88-2.pdf?m=1639579196} } @report {1427603, title = {Native American Tribal Trust Funds: Expanding the Options for Tribal Control | A Report to First Nations Financial Project}, year = {1988}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs88-5.pdf?m=1639579246} } @report {1427532, title = {A Strategic Plan for the White Mountain Apache Culture Center and Historic Site at Fort Apache | A Report to the White Mountain Apache Tribe}, year = {1988}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs88-3.pdf?m=1639579177} } @report {1427602, title = {Tribal Responses to Federal Land Consolidation Policy | A Report to First Nations Financial Project}, year = {1988}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs88-4.pdf?m=1639579229} } @report {1428159, title = {American Indians, American Dreams, and the Meaning of Success}, year = {1987}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs87-1.pdf?m=1639579133}, author = {Cornell, Stephen} } @report {1428328, title = {Analysis of Loan Performance in the Bureau of Indian Affairs{\textquoteright} Direct and Guaranteed Loan Programs | A Report to the Bureau of Indian Affairs}, year = {1987}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs87-5.pdf?m=1639579219}, author = {Harry Nelson} } @report {1428169, title = {Indian Reservation Economic Development: Some Preliminary Hypotheses}, year = {1987}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs87-6.pdf?m=1639579208}, author = {Cornell, Stephen} } @report {1428370, title = {The Redefinition of Property Rights in American Indian Reservations: A Comparative Analysis of Native American Economic Development}, year = {1987}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs87-3.pdf?m=1639579297}, author = {Joseph Kalt and Cornell, Stephen} } @report {1428322, title = {An Analysis of the Proposed Yellowtail Afterbay Dam Hydroelectricity Plant on the Bighorn River in Montana | A Report to the Crow Tribe of Montana}, year = {1987}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs87-2.pdf?m=1639579191} } @report {1428323, title = {Developing a Management Plan for Crow Tribal Wildlife Resources | A Report to the Crow Tribe of Montana}, year = {1987}, abstract = {

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}, url = {https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/hpaied/files/prs87-4.pdf?m=1639579220} }